Ukuqeqesha ezikoleni eziphakeme zaseKyrgyzstan

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KD Dobayev, Ph.D., uProfesa

Emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bezikweletu emayunivesithi aseKyrgyzstan

Ngokwesixazululo sikaHulumeni waseKyrgyz Republic ngo-Agasti 2011, "Lapho kusungulwa isakhiwo sezinga eliphezulu lemfundo ephakeme e-Kyrgyz Republic," izikhungo eziphakeme zezemfundo ziyahamba ezifundisweni ezimbili zokuqeqesha. Umthethonqubo ofanayo ulawula ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bekhredithi yemfundo ohlelweni lwemfundo yesibili nolwazi oluphakeme.

Manje amanyuvesi azokulungisa iziqu ze-bachelors namakhosi, ngaphandle kwezici ezithile. Futhi le nqubo ivame kakhulu. Inkinga ihlukile, okungukuthi: ukudluliselwa kohlelo lonke lwemfundo yokufundela esikhwameni sobukweletu. Kuyini okuyisisekelo futhi yiziphi izimiso eziyinhloko zalolu hlelo lokuqeqesha? Kubalulekile ukusho ngokushesha ukuthi lokhu kuyindlela entsha yokufundisa imfundo, isiko elisha lemfundo. Ngeteknoloji yobukweletu, sisuka ohlelweni lwesimiso esimisiwe, lapho umfundi ehamba ngokuya emakilasini ngesimiso. Lo mfundi kwakudingeka abe khona ekilasini noma emakilasini okufundisa kuze kube amahora ayisithupha ngosuku. Ngamanye amazwi, wayeyithonya, lapho eyabelwe khona indima enkulu ekufundeni. Umfundi wanquma ukuthi yiziphi amakilasi okufanele ahambe kuzo nokuthi zingaki izivivinyo nokuhlolwa okufanele kudluliselwe ekupheleni kwe-semester. Umfundi wayengenalo ilungelo lokuphambuka esikoleni esinikeziwe, konke kwakudingeka kudlule ngokuqondile ngokwekharikhyulamu , ngokwemigomo yesimiso, ngokwemiso yesimiso semfundo.

Ngaphansi kwesimiso sezikweletu semfundo, umfundi unikezwa inkululeko yokukhetha ukuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo, izifundo ezikhethekile kanye nomfundisi. Ezifundweni zokuqala umfundi uthola uhlelo lwezemfundo enemibuzo eminingi, imisebenzi, imisebenzi, izivivinyo zokuzihlola, futhi lolu hlelo lubizwa nangokuthi "isilabhasi". Igama elithi syllabus liwumqondo omusha kithi. Othisha abaningi abakaqondi ngokugcwele izingxenye eziyinhloko zesilabhasi ngakho-ke bakholelwa ukuthi i-syllabus iyinhlelo efanayo yomsebenzi. Eqinisweni, lokhu akunjalo. Uhlelo lomsebenzi lwalungiselwe umnyango, ihhovisi lika-dean. Ukwakhiwa kwazo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza kwakunjalo: isihloko, inombolo yamahora okutadisha isihloko esithile, uhlu lwezincwadi. Le dokhumenti yayidinga umnyango ukuhlola nokulandelela ukuqaliswa kwekharikhulamu.

I-syllabus yenzelwa umfundi futhi iqondiswe kumfundi. Umfundi ngamunye uthola isilabhasi esikoleni sokuqala. I-syllabus ingabhalwa ngesiyalo esisodwa sezemfundo noma kumamodi wokuqeqesha. I-syllabus ifana nehlobo lokushicilela ishidi ngakho-ke umfundi udala umsebenzi wakhe wezemfundo ngokuvumelana nesilabhasi. Ngamanye amazwi, i-syllabus, ngandlela-thile, isiqondiso ekuthuthukiseni isiyalo semfundo noma imodemu. Ngakho-ke awekho ama-syllabusi afanayo ngendlela nesakhiwo. I-syllabus ngayinye iyodwa futhi inikeza umgomo othize wokwakhiwa kwamakhono athile. Uthisha ukhuluma nje njengomeluleki oqondisa umsebenzi womfundi. Umfundi angakwazi ukuzinikela ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma alulaze le njabulo iminyaka eminingana. Uma ufuna ukufunda - funda, cha - kungcono kuwe.

Into yokuqala uthisha abhekene nayo lapho efunda nge-tekhnoloji yemfundo yezemfundo ukungabi nesikhathi. Uma izifundo zobuchwepheshe obudala zahlala cishe ihora nengxenye, manje sekuyimaminithi amahlanu. Udaba lokuthi amazinga ezemfundo kahulumeni ayenziwa ngokwezifiso, kodwa abe nesimo sendabuko, izindikimba ezibalwe emahoreni amabili esikoleni, manje kuyadingeka ukuba uhlale nabo ngesikhathi esingaphansi. Isiyalo ngasinye se-academic noma imodemu sinamakhadi ayishumi. Ngokwesimiso sikahulumeni, lapho umboleko owodwa oqokwe khona ngehora lesishiyagalombili, amahora angu-20 azoya ekilasini, amakilasi eqembu kanye namahora ayishumi ukululekwa, umsebenzi ozimele nomuntu ngamunye. Ngenkathi enjalo inkathazo inkulumo ngesitayela sendabuko, isb. Ukunikezwa kwamaphuzu amakhulu okuqukethwe kwesiyalo semfundo - sekuvele kungamukeleki. Ubuchwepheshe bekhredithi yemfundo bubonisa ukuthi ukwenqatshwa kwendlela yokudala yokufundisa, futhi ukushintshwa kwabo ngeziyalezo ezijwayelekile, okumele kuphawulwe ekufundeni okufundiswayo, okungukuthi, izinkulumo kufanele zibe yindlela yokuzimela. Umfundi ovela kumlaleli ongenamathelisi uba ngumhlanganyeli osebenzayo, noma kunalokho ungumhlanganyeli emakilasini okufundisa. Ngokwezinga elithile, umfundi uwazi kusengaphambili lesi sihloko, inkinga yokuthi une-syllabus ezandleni zakhe, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi uyazi izinhlinzeko ezithile zesihloko senkulumo, ngaphezu kwalokho unemibuzo kumfundisi. Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kushukumisela umfundi ekufundeni, kepha uthisha unesisusa somsebenzi okhiqizayo. Isikhathi lapho uthisha efika khona, ejeziswe futhi eshiywe ngaphandle kokuba nesithakazelo ekuqapheliseni indaba yezinkulumo kumele kube yinto eyedlule.

Indlela entsha yokuqeqesha idinga izinto ezidingekayo nemishini yobuchwepheshe, amakilasi ekhompiyutha, i-multimedia, i-Inthanethi, ithelevishini ye-satellite, isikhwama esikhulu semitapo yezincwadi. Yena, umfundi nganoma isiphi isikhathi angathola ulwazi oluthakazelisayo, angene ekilasini lekhompyutheni futhi ahlanganyele emsebenzini ngamunye. Kodwa, ngeshwa, kulokhu amanyuvesi ethu anezinkinga ezinkulu. Inkinga yokuqala neyinhloko emayunivesithi awadalwa izimo ezifanele zomsebenzi okhiqizayo wabafundi, kanye nothisha. Emayunivesithi amaningi kukhona cishe akukho amakilasi ekhompyutheni yanamuhla onokufinyelela mahhala ku-intanethi. Futhi lapho kunezigaba ezinjalo zomsebenzi, kusukela ngo-7 kuya ku-18 ntambama, noma ukutholakala kwala makilasi kuyinkinga enkulu kubafundi abaningi. Amanye amanyuvesi akanayo ngisho nesayithi lawo siqu. Futhi uma kunjalo, empeleni ayisebenzi, okungukuthi, asisho ukuthi ibuyekeziwe, njll. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhredithi yemfundo, wonke uthisha, umfundi kufanele abe ne-intanethi kwi-intanethi.

Enye inkinga engeyona ebalulekile yinhlangano yenqubo yezemfundo. Sisho ukuthini? Okokuqala, "ukukhathazeka" kwenqubo yezemfundo, ukuvilapha kwayo, ukuhlukaniswa okuvela empumelelo yangempela yenqubo yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalakahle, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kwezemfundo amashumi eminyaka, izindlela zendabuko zokuhlelwa kwenqubo yezemfundo, okungukuthi, imfundo ephakeme ayihlose ukwakha amakghono kanye nobunikazi bekhululekile Amathuba okuthuthukisa imfundo ejwayelekile kanye neyodwa ekhethekile namakhono asebenzayo, nokukhumbula ngekhanda ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa, ngenxa yokuthola idiploma, s asikwazi eziqhutshwa ngolwazi lwakhe uqobo, futhi eqinisweni siye sashukumisa ngesikweletu ubuchwepheshe, okubandakanya izinguquko ezinqala enhlanganweni inqubo yemfundo. Ngeteknoloji yobukweletu, inani lemisebenzi ezimele neyodwa liyakwandisa kaningi, ngakho-ke inqubo yokufunda kufanele ihlelwe ngendlela yokudala ithuba eliphakeme lomsebenzi ozimele nabafundi ngabanye. Ingabe ikhona isikhathi esisele salokhu, futhi ngokujwayelekile, ingabe umfundi uyokwazi ukuthola unyaka owodwa wokuzithiba ukuze asebenze isikhathi esingaba amahora angaba amahora amahlanu ngosuku? Asicabangi ukuthi udinga ukudla, ukushayela ekhaya, njll. Kuhlala ukuyeka konke, okwenziwa abafundi. Baya nje ekilasini bese behlala ngaphandle.

Inkinga elandelayo yizinga eliphansi kakhulu lokulungiselela isikole. Iningi le "lokuqala" alinamakhono okuba umsebenzi wokuzimela ozimele, amakhono okufunda nokubhala awahlanganiswa namazinga anele. Awekho amakhono okusebenza ngamathekisthi amakhulu esayensi yevolumu futhi ayikho ikhono kukho konke okudingekayo ekuqeqesheni okuphumelelayo ohlelweni lwemfundo ephezulu yezemfundo. Ngeke sibhale konke ukungaphumeleli kokulungiswa kwesikole, kodwa kusho kuphela ukuthi abafundi abanjalo bangenani ezimbili kwezintathu zenani eliphelele. Into eyodwa ecacile - uhlelo lweyunivesithi lwabafakizicelo abaningi ababhalise ngonyaka wokuqala "lukhuni kakhulu," futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma umfundi, ngokusho kwekhredithi yobuchwepheshe, kufanele azenzele isinqumo somsebenzi wezemfundo. Kuvela ukuthi kufanele uqale ufunde ukufunda. Kudingeka ulwazi kusuka ekuqaleni ngeke kube khona. Ngakho-ke, umfundi kufanele azi ukuthi ukuze aqonde lokho kuye ulwazi njengokhokho wolwazi isazi sefilosofi sasendulo sesiGreki uSocrates wathi: "Ngiyazi ukuthi angikwazi lutho," ngakho-ke ngifuna ukwazi. Amakhono okufunda asetshenziswa eminyakeni yesikole, kodwa njengendlela yokubonisa, isikole asifezi lo msebenzi. Ukuguqulwa kokuqukethwe kwemfundo yesikole kanye nobuchwepheshe bemfundo kuyadingeka. Eminyakeni yamuva, uMnyango wezeMfundo, kanye neKyrgyz Academy of Education, bathatha izinyathelo zokukhononda ukuze banciphise okuqukethwe kwemfundo yesikole futhi bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe bemfundo, kepha "izinto zisesekhona." Uma sikhuluma ngokunciphisa ubukhulu besikolo sekharikhulamu yesikole, okokuqala sisho ukunciphisa ubuchwepheshe kwezifundo ezithile zekharikhulamu yesikole. Abathuthukisi bezemfundo abakwazi ukuqonda nganoma iyiphi indlela ukunciphisa noma ukwandisa amahora esikoleni esikoleni ngeke kushintshe noma yini. Sidinga ukulungiswa kabusha okukhulu kwemfundo yonke yesikole. Futhi kulokhu, ukuguqulwa kwekharikhulamu kwaba nethuba lokushintsha yonke imibono yezemfundo yesikole. Kodwa ngeshwa indlela ikharikhulamu eyaziwa ngayo esikoleni samabanga aphansi kubonisa ukuthi bafuna kokubili kangcono futhi bavele njalo. Futhi lokhu kwakungenxa yendlela engeyona ezobuchwepheshe, ukungabi nokusebenza kwabantu abasebenzisa ukuqaliswa kwekharikhulamu esikoleni semfundo. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ngeke kube khona izinguquko ezinkulu esikoleni. Iyini ukukhishwa kwamanyuvesi?

Okokuqala. Esifundweni sokuqala nesesibili ukuqinisa imfundo jikelele, mhlawumbe lokhu akuyona ingxenye yemisebenzi yeyunivesithi, kodwa ayikho enye indlela yokuphuma. Uma ubhalisile futhi ubhalisile ngonyaka wokuqala, yibani nomusa ngokwanele ukugcwalisa igebe esikoleni, ngenxa yezifundo eziphezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi othisha abaqeqeshiwe nezifundo ezikhethekile zemfundo bahola kanjani uhlelo lokufunda, umphumela uzoba yilapho. Akusilo ngalutho abakushoyo ngokuthi "Okokuqala azi kanye nezinyosi, bese kuba yisayensi."

Owesibili. Ukuqeda ukwamukelwa nokukhululwa kwabafundi ohlelweni lwemfundo ephakeme neyomsebenzi. Kwanele ukukhiqiza i-lumpen yeziqu, hhayi ekufuneni emakethe yomsebenzi. Kwanele ukubhalisa abafundi bonke nonke. Ukuthi uMnyango wezeMfundo ubeka umkhawulo obuncane wokungenwa ngesisekelo se-ORT imiphumela minyaka yonke, ngombono wethu, inqubo eqinisa kuphela ingxenye yenkohlakalo lapho ibhalisa ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme. Bonke labo abafuna ukubhaliswa eyunivesithi babhalisile. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela ye-ORT ayikwazi ukunikeza ukuhlolwa komgomo wempumelelo yemfundo yeziqu zezikole ezivamile. I-ORT ilinganisa ikhono elilodwa kuphela ekucabangeni okunengqondo, kodwa hhayi ulwazi olutholakala esikoleni esikoleni ngesihloko esithile. Ngakho-ke, lapho ubhalisa ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme, izici eziningi, kuhlanganise nolwazi lwangempela lwezigwegwe zemfundo, kufanele zicatshangelwe. Ngokuvamile, umkhuba ubonisa ukuthi okungaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi yokubhalisa emiphumeleni ye-ORT, ikhwalithi yemfundo ephezulu yezobuchwepheshe ayizange ithuthuke, kodwa inqamukile.

Asihambisani no-ORT, kodwa kuphela ngokulandela imiphumela yokubhaliswa kwe-OR ezifundeni eziphakeme, sibheka ukuthi asanele. I-ORT ifomu lapho isebenza khona kahle, njengenye yezinyathelo ezigunyazayo ezihambisana nezinye izinhlobo zokuhlola impumelelo yezifundo zabafundi bezikole eziphakeme.

Okwesithathu. Ukubhaliswa, ukwelulekwa nokuqapha inqubekela phambili yabafundi ohlelweni lwezikweletu kufanele kuvele ngokucacile. Iminyango yokuqeqesha imisa uMnyango Wokubhalisa, lapho imisebenzi eminingi yokuphathwa koqeqesho idluliselwa kulo mnyango. UMnyango Wokubhalisa unikeza:

- ukutholakala kolwazi mayelana nedatha yomuntu siqu kanye nesifundo sezemfundo;

- ukuhlela zonke izinkomba;

- ukulungiselela i-semester nokuhlinzekwa kwenqubo yokubhalisa abafundi ngezifundo ezihlongozwayo;

- ukubalwa kwemali yokufundela abafundi;

- ukulawula inqubekela phambili yabafundi;

- Ukulungiselela ukukhululwa kwabafundi;

- ukuqinisekiswa kwamadigri nolunye ulwazi;

- ukusebenza nsuku zonke nabafundi namakhono;

- ukudalwa nokugcinwa kolwazi;

- Ukulungiselela idatha yezibalo nokuhlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle;

- ukuthuthukiswa nokwethulwa kwemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa uhlelo;

- ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkomba.

Umnyango kufanele usebenze okungenani abantu abathathu - inhloko yomnyango, umxhumanisi womkhakha wesimiso kanye nokubhaliswa kanye nolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe. Uma isikhungo singenkulu, iminyango eyodwa yokubhalisa iyanele, futhi uma isikhungo sikhulu, esikhungweni ngasinye, okungukuthi. Imisebenzi yehhovisi lika-dean idluliselwa emnyangweni wokubhalisa.

Okwesine. Ukuhlinzeka ngekhwalithi nokusekela kubafundi. Lokho esikushoyo ukusekela ngokuphumelelayo kokubonisana kwabafundi. I-Institute kufanele ibe nesistimu ephumelelayo yokululekwa kwabafundi okubasiza ukuba bathole ulwazi oludingekayo kanye nosizo, futhi kusiza ekufezeni imigomo yabo yemfundo. Othisha nabanye abasebenzi abanomsebenzi wokwenza lo msebenzi kumele baziswe ngesikhathi esifanele futhi balungiselelwe ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yabo. Ukutholakala okuphoqelekile kuzo zonke izinsiza ezidingekile ukusekela ngokugcwele ukwelulekwa kwabafundi, kungakhathaliseki isimo somfundi.

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