Ukuthi isilwane kanye nzalo womuntu kungenzeka?

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu kuphakama imicabango eziphikisa ekhanda lakho, uma uqala ukucabanga lokhu ngokudalwa kuka-nzalo bewela isilwane kanye amangqamuzana omuntu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ososayensi baye wadala laboratories hybrid yabo imibungu, konke kwenziwa sinombono ukwelashwa kunokwenzeka for ezahlukene izifo. Nokho, ucwaningo ezifana nendalo eqise. Kuyoke kwenzeke yini ukudalwa nzalo ka webantfu netilwane? Yini nasendaweni hlala emhlabeni? Lezi zinhlobo nezindaba ngqo ezihlobene isihloko ngxabano isayensi izimiso zokuhle.

Nzalo emhlabeni isilwane

Kungenzeka yini ukwakha nzalo kwezilwane kanye abantu? Abanye kungenzeka izithombe ngokushesha esabekayo abantu ikhanda ihlosi sika, fish nomsila, uqhwaku lenyoni, ijazi shaggy nokunye. Ingabe ososayensi e-labs yabo ukudala izakhi njengoba lula njengoba emdlalweni isiqophi? Ezweni isilwane isibonelo nzalo interspecific kuyinto umnyuzi, umphumela ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa udumbana bengabona ihhashi. Lona impela imfuyo iphilile, Nokho, okuyinto, ilahlekelwe ikhono layo nokuzala zazo siqu ngenxa inombolo ehlukile lezakhi zofuzo imbongolo (62 Ama-chromosomes e) kanye namahhashi (Ama-chromosomes e-64).

Phela, neminyuzi akukuphela isibonelo beyizalaniselana. Ezinye izinhlobo zayo eziningi ahlobene kungaba sokukhwelana ukuze sizale oyinyumba. Ngokwesibonelo, amabhubesi amahlosi (olubizwa ngokuthi i amawundlu Liger kubo), amadube kanye namahhashi. Isihlobo abaseduze umuntu kungenziwa ngokuthi i hlobo lwezinkawu, kodwa liveza umqondo nje ukudala nzalo nezilwane, okungukuthi abantu futhi inkawu, ngokuhlanganisa genomes of cishe akunakwenzeka.

Amasosha omzimba ekulahleni amaseli angaphandle

Iningi womuntu omzimba imisebenzi ngendlela yokuthi amaseli ngisho lomunye umuntu musa njalo bamukele ngempumelelo umzimba, isibonelo, phakathi kwezitho yezitho zangaphakathi, ingasaphathwa-non-umuntu, isilwane cell. Noma yimuphi izitho ezivela ngaphandle uzobe ngokushesha itholiwe, futhi iyolandelwa impendulo sihlale siphilile - ukwenqatshwa.

Kuphela ukuze kuzuze isintu

Ososayensi ehilelekile ukucwaninga ngofuzo, akukho njongo ukudala izilo, lapho abantu hybrid futhi isilwane - into eyesabisa kakhulu futhi kuyesabeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi ngeke abavuma kwakhiwe noma yiziphi ezinye izidalwa ezisesimweni sokuguquka. Ababona nesithakazelo ekwenzeni lokhu uhlobo lwezinto, ucwaningo kwi-stem cell futhi cloning zokwelapha ziqhutshwa kuphela ku izithakazelo zabantu, futhi ngokuyinhloko aqondiswe ohlangeni ukulwa nezifo eziningi ezingelapheki.

Akunjalo elula

Omunye Ungacabanga ukuthi nzalo bezilwane nabantu abavela (izithombe, khomba kunemibono wabo emphakathini, ubone. Ngezansi) Kusengenzeka, njengoba isimiso sezakhi zofuzo of DNA jikelele cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, namaprotheni kwemiqondo kumaseli wamahhashi ncamashi ngendlela efanayo kubantu. Nokho, zonke akuyona elula ngakho: ukuzama ukwenza hybrid, zidlule omningi amaphutha, umbuzo uwukuthi, bangaki abantu kudingeka umhlatshelo ukwenza, isibonelo, a mermaid. Kungathatha eningi isikhathi eside kunaleso kungase kubonakale efika kuqala.

Kubiza eziwubala ukwengeza sofuzo kubantu ku izilwane nezitshalo, kuhlukile into - kunalokho. Kodwa ezinye izakhi zofuzo ukunquma kuphela iprotheni ethile, abakwazi ngomlingo uguqule umzimba ku okuhluke ngokuphelele, isibonelo, isilo chimeric. zezakhi zofuzo ezithile bakha ingxenye encane nje kuphela ukuthi singobani, futhi ngubani ngenja noma jellyfish. Uhlobo ngabanye kuncike ezihlukahlukene ngokuvamile efana nomunye zofuzo tihlelwe ngendlela isethi eziyinkimbinkimbi amayunithi obusebenzayo okungase kuhluke kakhulu zilwane ngazinye eziphilayo.

Human-isilwane nzalo: igama kwesidalwa umbono wesayensi?

Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, lolu daba kubhekwa ngaphandle timongcondvo futhi eziqanjiwe ukuze wasenganekwaneni. Ekuphileni okungokoqobo, ekudalweni kwezidalwa ezifana nzalo bezilwane nabantu, kungaphansi izingxoxo zomthetho, zokuziphatha futhi kwezobuchwepheshe umongo impumelelo zakamuva emkhakheni genetic engineering. Ingabe kufanele ngenze lutho ngakho? Ingabe-ke sisukele yakwazi ukwanelisa izifiso komuntu self-ngcono? womuntu-isilwane esinjalo hybrid ngokuthi "para-indoda." Futhi ihlobana nzalo cytoplasmic - cybrid.

Njengoba izibonelo interspecific nzalo ubungani

ubungani Interspecies phakathi kwezilwane, kanye phakathi kwabantu kanye nezilwane abazifuyile inikeza impande eziyisisekelo ukuthandwa izidalwa ezinjalo. Ezincwadini zezinganekwane ezihlukahlukene kuwo wonke umlando kwakukhona nzalo eziningi owaziwa, kuhlanganise njengengxenye ingokomoya ezindala zaseGibhithe naseSiriya Indian. Ngokusho komunye umdwebi futhi usosayensi Pietro Gaetto, "imibono yomuntu-isilwane nzalo njalo ngemvelaphi yabo esikhulu enkolweni."

A hybrid kwabantu nezilwane - ibhizinisi kuhlanganisa kwabantu nezilwane izingxenye. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, lezi nzalo baye baba phakathi kwezisulu themes ezivamile ekulandiseni izilwane emhlabeni wonke. Ukungabi discontinuity eqinile phakathi komuntu nemvelo abanamasiko bendabuko kanye lasendulo unikeze umongo eziyisisekelo zomlando ukuthandwa inganekwane, lapho abantu nezilwane wambule okuxubile ngenxa iyiphi liphenduka enye into ngokuphelele.

Human-isilwane nzalo - umlingiswa oqanjiwe noma ngokoqobo kungenzeka?

Okwamanje, nzalo bezilwane nabantu abavela Eqinisweni, izinhlamvu yokuzicabangela, ogama izithombe avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa isiqophi imidlalo kanye nesayensi ethandwa letingemaciniso amafilimu kanye izincwadi. nzalo aqanjiwe babe izindima ezahlukene, kusukela amashinga, namaqhawe asabekayo kuya kwaphezulu. Ngokuphathelene izinkolelo lasendulo kanye izinganekwane ke ungathola lenqwaba nzalo, ezifana Pan - unkulunkulu e zamaGreki, ngubani kufanekisela isimo sasendle ezingalawuliwe, bakhuleka abazingeli, abadobi nabelusi bakhe. Lokhu uhlamvu abanonya onamileyo has imilenze indluzelekazi ngamasondo nezimpondo lembuzi, futhi lonke ukubukeka kwakhe ngempela sifana womuntu. Enye hybrid basezinganekwaneni owaziwa unkulunkulu waseGibhithe sokufa okuthiwa Anubis.

Ngo izinganekwane Chinese, ubuNkulunkulu ngegama Chu Pa-Tse amacala abo, futhi ngaphandle kwesizathu izenzo abaxoshe ezulwini wayidlulisela emhlabeni. Ngephutha, yena uthola esibelethweni we mbewu futhi ekugcineni ozalwa isigamu indoda, ingulube nengxenye, nekhanda yengulube nezindlebe ngokuhlanganyela umzimba womuntu. Ingqikithi kwangaphakathi yalesi hybrid basezinganekwaneni ayishintshi ibe ngcono.

Ngemva imbulale, adle unina nabafowabo, silo porcine uthola isiphephelo ezintabeni, lapho ochitha izinsuku abazingeli abahamba kulowo mgwaqo abangaqaphile abangekho lucky ngokwanele ukuya endleleni yakhe. Nokho, ngenxa yemizamo lonkulunkulukazi ezinhle Guan Yin, ukuya eChina, athonya ukuqala indlela enhle, ukuze bagcotshwe umpristi.

Ukuhlolwa ukudala hybrid imibungu

Kungenzeka yini ukwakha hybrid womuntu nowezilwane? Umbungu hybrid inhlanganisela kwezicubu kwabantu nezilwane. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemibungu hybrid, isib, imibungu cytoplasmic zidalwe ngokudlulisela nuclei equkethe DNA amangqamuzana omuntu, Iqanda isilwane ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kabani siqu phambilini asuswe. Imibungu etshalwa lab izinsuku ezimbalwa, bese uya ukwakha stem cells. I wesibili bangase babe ezithile ihlule.

Le ndlela yokudala yeseli stem isetshenziselwa izifundo izifo ezihlukahlukene futhi kubhekwa okunye okuhle amaqanda womuntu uqobo, ayatholakala eliningi elinganiselwe, ngokungafani nezilwane. Ososayensi abaqondile empeleni ukudala hybrid womuntu-isilwane, isidalwa uyakwazi ukuphila ezimele.

Izingozi ukuxuba nesidoda okunikelwe

Ukuxuba impahla kwabantu nezilwane zofuzo kungaholela ingozi ukudala izifo ezintsha, kodwa kwentuthuko kule ndawo kungaba inenzuzo enkulu isintu ngomqondo global. Ososayensi bathi lokhu nje engqamuzaneni, kunokuba oluphila ngempela. Lokhu ugwema ukusetshenziswa amaqanda womuntu ocwaningweni. Umnikelo kwezakhi umbungu isilwane esincane kanjalo ukuthi kusala kanjani umbungu womuntu (99,9%). Njengoba yokugcina engakaze ekhiqizwa ngosizo kokukhulelwa womuntu, asikwazi kuthathwe njengomuntu.

kwabantu nezilwane amalungelo umthetho, kusukela umbungu ngeke bavunyelwe amumuntu noma isilwane. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo abathintekayo ukuxuba i-DNA yezakhi izilwane ezahlukene 70s, kodwa liveza umqondo ethula isilwane zofuzo abantu uhlala kube yinto enqatshelwe. Futhi ukwephulwa kwalezi enqabelo kungenzeka, ekugcineni, hhayi kuphela ukuze ulondoloze isintu inqwaba izifo, kodwa futhi ukuze ngokuyinhloko ukushintsha lonke umbono wethu.

Transgenesis uyakwazi ukusebenzisa eziningana amaseli ngabanye kanye wonke umzimba. Human-isilwane nzalo (ngokuthi "Chimera" lalisetshenziswa zamaGreki), okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi imvelo transgenic, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo ingasetshenziswa ukumodeliswa izifo ezithile womuntu, ukukhiqizwa izinto ezintsha, izindwangu nokuningi. iminyaka engamashumi amane edlule, ochwepheshe baye bafunda ukuthutha futhi ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo zezitshalo nezilwane. Kuze kube manje, umbuzo uyasala ukusetshenziswa impikiswano of impahla yomuntu, ikakhulukazi, ngezizathu kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi.