Izici eziyinhloko isayensi, izici

Noma yimuphi umphakathi, oqala umndeni nesiphetho nesintu sisonke, unonembeza nomphakathi. Amafomu yakhe umusa isipiliyoni, ukuziphatha, inkolo, njalo njalo. Kodwa, akungabazeki, elilodwa lamafomu ebaluleke kakhulu isayensi. It yakha entsha umphakathi ulwazi.

Kuyini isayensi

Isayensi - lutho kodwa semfundo engokomoya eziyinkimbinkimbi esekelwe eziningana izici key. Umqondo, izici, futhi isayensi izici ke ukuchaza okushiwo ulwazi lwesayensi. Ngokusekelwe izici eziyisisekelo isayensi ubonakala:

1. Uhlelo lolwazi. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoba inqubo ukuthola ulwazi olusha. Lesi sici kuhilela isifundo ngosizo epistemology - isifundiso ulwazi isayensi. Khonza njengoba ngesisekelo isihloko kanye into yolwazi. ulwazi lwesayensi kuwumphumela nolwazi umgomo mayelana nezwe. Inhloso kuba, ngoba akuxhomekile isimo isihloko.
2. A uhlobo olukhethekile kwezimiso nesimo sengqondo. Empeleni, lo mkhiqizo kubangelwa ingokomoya ekuphileni komuntu, kulethe ukuthuthukiswa wokudala. Kule umbono wesayensi baphakathi imikhiqizo ebalulekile adalwe indoda njengoba inkolo, ubuciko, umthetho, ifilosofi kanye nabanye. Njengoba isayensi eba, nalo othola izinguquko kanye nezinye izindawo isiko. Lo mthetho usebenza ohlangothini reverse.
3. isikhungo Komphakathi. Kulokhu sikhuluma ngempilo yomphakathi, lapho isayensi ibonwa njengoba inethiwekhi izikhungo eziningi ezahlukene ezihlobene nazo. Izibonelo izikhungo ezifana kukhona amanyuvesi, imitapo, tetemfundvo nabanye. Basuke ekhuluma ezingeni elithile futhi enze imisebenzi afanele yayo umsebenzi indawo. Ngakho, isayensi - is ngokucacile olwakhiwe inhlangano ogama njongo iwukuba ukwanelisa izidingo zomphakathi.

izici zayo wesayensi

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona izimfanelo isayensi, kuba okokuqala kudingekile ukuba baqonde okushiwo imiqondo ezifana nenqubo ngokwesayensi. Ngokuvamile, basuke kubhekwe ku -mbono yokuziphendukela ulwazi. Ukutadisha kwabo ngokuyinhloko esekelwe isifiso ukuchaza uhlangothi epistemological yolwazi yesayensi, wanika azifani uma ziqhathaniswa neminye imikhiqizo yolwazi. Izazi lasendulo siyicabange ekutholeni izici ebalulekile ulwazi lwesayensi ngokusebenzisa ubuhlobo amafomu ezifana imicabango yabantu, izibikezelo, ezicatshangwayo, abuye nabanye. Ngo inqubo ososayensi ukuthuthukiswa esephetha izimpawu ezivamile isayensi eziye zasiza kangcono ukuqonda eside. Ucwaningo avunyelwe ukuhlonza eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu.

• Uphawu lokuqala isayensi izama ukuthola ubuqotho bomsebenzi ulwazi lwesayensi, okuyinto kunomahluko ocacile kusuka ukwazi abavamile.
• Esesibili - the nokuvuleka, noma ngamanye amazwi, ulwazi olungaphelele yesayensi, okungukuthi, utochnyaemost yayo futhi complementarity e inqubo ukuvela amaqiniso amasha.
• Okwesithathu - ke isifiso ukuchaza isimo, usebenzisa amaqiniso futhi indlela ngokunengqondo kuyavumelana.
• Criticality maqondana nolwazi kuyisibonakaliso wesine isayensi.
• Okwesihlanu - kungenzeka nokuzala ulwazi lwesayensi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele ngokuphelele kuphi, kungakhathaliseki isikhathi.
• izimpawu yesithupha neyesikhombisa isayensi - ukuntuleka kolwazi lwesayensi, kuncike izici siqu usosayensi futhi khona ngolimi lwabo, imishini, amasu, ngokulandelana.

ngezigaba Jikelele zonke wesayensi

Iphendula umbuzo ngasiphi isizathu kuthiwa wesayensi bahlukanisa, B. M. Kedrov wanikeza incazelo jikelele. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke isayensi kungenziwa yizigaba ezine. Isigaba sokuqala - a wesayensi zefilosofi, okuhlanganisa yikuphi ukuhlakanipha dialectics. Eyesibili wathatha sciences zezibalo, kuhlanganise wezibalo kanye logic zezibalo. Eyesithathu - yakhula kakhulu, ngoba ifaka kwesokudla lobuchwepheshe kanye yemvelo wesayensi, uhlu zazo:

• Mechanics;
• yezinkanyezi;
• isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini;
• Physics (zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba);
• amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo;
• Geochemistry;
• geography;
• nokwakheka;
• biochemistry;
• zomzimba;
• biology;
• Anthropology.

Futhi isigaba sokugcina Kedrov kukhona social sciences, okuyinto zihlukaniswe nezigatshana ezintathu:

1. Umlando, ethnography imivubukulo.
2. Political umnotho, ubuciko, wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo kanye nomlando yobuciko.
3. Linguistics, isayensi zemfundo kanye psychology.

Izimpawu yesayensi yanamuhla ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Okuvame kakhulu isihloko futhi indlela ulwazi phezu kwayo egqanyisiwe ngesayensi yemvelo (isayensi yemvelo) umphakathi (nezifundo social) futhi ecabanga (logic). Engineering ngamnyama. Yiqiniso, amaqembu alezi zinhlanga wesayensi kungenziwa olunye leyabantu sub-maqembu.

Ukwahlukanisa Sciences ezinkathini zomlando ezahlukene

Ngokokuqala ngqá umbuzo ngokuhlukana isayensi amakilasi ezinsukwini zasendulo, u-Aristotle kubhekwane. Yasho amaqembu ezinkulu ezintathu: esiwusizo, theory kanye nama-creative. wesichazamazwi Roman Mark Vorron kuchazwa ngokuthi uhlu kufinyeta ngezigaba wesayensi: i dialectic, lolimi, ekukhulumeni izibalo, i-geometry, umculo, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi, izakhiwo kanye imithi. Ukwahlukanisa the izazi ezingama-Arabhu Muslim kwaba elula kakhulu futhi kuyaqondakala. Amaphoyisa athole amakilasi amabili wesayensi - Arab kanye angaphandle. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa ubugagu kanye Poetics, neyesibili - izibalo, ezokwelapha nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ososayensi futhi wafuna push uhlobo lwaso lokubusa ukuhlukana. Hugh of St Victor, embonweni wakhe, ukhombe amaqembu ezine ezihlukene wesayensi:

1. Theory - physics kanye mathematics.
2. Olungokoqobo.
3. Mechanical - ukuzingela, ezolimo, imithi, navigation, yaseshashalazini.
4. Logic - lolimi kanye mpendulo.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, R. Bacon wasungula ngezigaba esekelwe amakhono lolwazi. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa indaba, ezichaza amaqiniso, kwesibili - sciences theory, wesithathu - ubuciko, izinkondlo kanye nezincwadi ngomqondo ebanzi. Rodzhen Bacon babekholelwa ukuthi isayensi kufanele zihlelwe ngezindlela ezine. Eceleni kufanele kube logic, lolimi, izimiso zokuziphatha, Metaphysics, ungulotimele wedwa iyunithi - ume Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona ifilosofi yemvelo. Mathematics, ngokombono wakhe, isayensi ebaluleke kakhulu nemvelo.

Ukwahlukanisa Sciences kwezilwane

Ukukhuluma ngesayensi yini izimpawu ihlukaniswa kwezilwane, imele esinye isici esibalulekile - okuqondene uhlobo oluthile. A somhleli ehlukanisa izilwane ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezingenamgogodla. Yezilwane ezinomgogodla ufunde wesayensi ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo: Ornithology (izinyoni), theriology (ezincelisayo), batrahologiya (izilwane zasemhlabeni), herpetology (ezihuquzelayo), ichthyology (inhlanzi). Kunezikhathi lapho eceleni labelwe isayensi ukuthi study wezinkawu, kodwa ezimweni eziningi likhona mammalogy, kusukela ngokwemvelo wezinkawu yayo kakhulu ezincelisayo. Ezingenamgogodla kungabuye ihlukaniswe, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izimpawu kukhona isayensi oluthathwa kwezilwane. Lenyama izifundo protozoology, eyisinambuzane - artropodlogiya, wazi konke ngezimvu shellfish malacology kanye nezifundo zezentuthwae zingalandisa zonke izici, ebonisa ngokuphila kwezinambuzane. Kodwa kukhona isayensi ehlanganisa yonkhe lemikhakha - kwezilwane ukuthi study zonke izilwane.

Semiotics njengenye sciences ezibaluleke kakhulu

elula ukwelapha yisiphi isifo ngendlela efanele usaqala. Ukuze abone ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, kubalulekile ukuqapha ngokucophelela izimpawu abasafufusa. Semiotics, isayensi izibonakaliso zokubonisa sifo, kuba bagamanxa le nkinga. Libhekisela nomsebenzi wezokwelapha, okuyinto ngokusebenzisa izindlela ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha, etadisha izimpawu zezifo. Isayensi izimpawu zesifo sehlukaniswe ezivamile kanye nalezo ezizimele. Inani lifaka izici okuchazayo kanye ngezigaba oluphelele lwazo zonke izimpawu, kanye nezindlela izindlela ukuvela pathologies amabutho sokukhula. Izibonelo izimpawu ezifana ukuvuvukala, ukonakala, ukonakala, kanye nabanye. semiotics Jikelele Ubuye ezihlukahlukene zalo siyefana ukubaluleka kokuthola inkinga:

• sokugembula;
• uhlawula (ukubonakalisa izinguquko organic ukusebenza le substrates);
• pathognomonic;
• ezivamile.

Ngokusho ukubonakala izimpawu isikhathi zihlukaniswe ekuseni khulu, ngemuva kwesikhathi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, incazelo semeiology yangasese iphatha izimpawu zesifo kwezinhlobo ezithile izifo. Isiphi isiyalo yezokwelapha iqala ocwaningweni lwezempilo ukutadisha semiotics ka ngohlobo oluthile. Kukhona semiotics esekelwe pathologies sitholwa njengefa. Njengengxenye endaweni yocwaningo wafunda izifo ngofuzo, izimpawu zabo pathology.

On oda esitokisini

isayensi Legal ibizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lolwazi mayelana nesimo futhi umthetho, imithetho imvelaphi yabo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza. Izimpawu wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu. Ngokuhambisana ucingo yokuqala yeningi lokhu isayensi isicelo bemvelo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simo ikakhulukazi kufanele ukufunda izidingo zomphakathi, wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo kanye nemfundo, kanye nokuhlinzeka abasebenzi lokhu wemboni ukuphola ulwazi kushicilelwa imithetho emisha.

Esikhathini yesibili kubhekwa njengoba ukubhekisela kulokho wesayensi ngqo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi oyisazi lusekelwe olwazini oluthile, okuyinto obonakaliswe okungu eqondile. Kukholakala ukuthi iningi umthetho iyafana imithi, njengoba bobabili ukuhlanganisa kokubili i-theory kanye isicelo ingxenye. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba udokotela, ummeli wabhekana ngesinqumo nezindaba ezihlobene impilo nokuphila. Umsebenzi lomthetho ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi nokugcinwa on ngaleli "khambi" yokulimala emmangweni nasetindzaweni ezingokomoya zomuntu ngamunye. Lesi saga sibonisa izimfanelo neyobuntu isayensi (kuleli cala, umthetho kanye imithi), nesuka ezikhathini zasendulo.

Isimiso sesithathu bokuba khona isayensi zomthetho yikhono layo ihlanganise izimfanelo wesayensi engqondo. Lesi sitatimende kusekelwe yokuthi umthetho ibilokhu ucwaninga nezindaba reflection of ngokoqobo mgomo izici ezingokomthetho eziphakamayo inqubo kwetinhlavu kanye ukusebenza nokusebenzisa imithetho emisha. Yingakho forensics njengoba esinye sezifundo wesayensi zomthetho, okuhloswe ngazo ulwazi izici ezithile ukucabanga kwabantu futhi ukusetshenziswa lwazi aluthola ngokukhethekile ngokuhamba uphenyo.

Ubani ukufunda esikhathini esidlule

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi, ngaphandle kokwazi esidlule, awukwazi ukwakha ikusasa. Umuntu ngamunye ngempela ukuthi yini ayephila emzini wakubo, izwe kanye nomhlaba ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Ukuze idlulisele ulwazi mayelana esidlule livele umlando owaziwa yesayensi. Lokho uqhutshelwa imithombo kweziningi ezisekhona kusukela nezikhathi ngaphambili yokuphila komuntu, ngesisekelo owenza izindlela ukulandelana kwezenzakalo. Eqinisweni, izici eziyinhloko isayensi indlela yayo yomlando ukulandela imithetho nemitheshwana ukusebenza imithombo eyinhloko kanye neminye ubufakazi kutholakala phakathi ucwaningo kanye nokusungulwa eziphethweni ezingase ukuvumela ukubhala incwadi yomlando lesifanele. Ngokokuqala ngqá kulezi zindlela ziye ekusebenzeni ngu kaThucydides. It is ukusebenza ngokuhambisana nezindlela zomlando ukuvumele ukwehlukanisa nezikhathi zomlando: i bakudala, izwe lasendulo, Ephakathi, bese izikhathi ezintsha yesimanje. Kunenqwaba eyala zomlando, ekusebenzeni okuvumela hhayi kuphela ukuqaphela esidlule kodwa futhi ekuhleleni futhi ukuxhumana nabantu. Ukukhathazeka main:

• Archaeology - isayensi ekutholeni nokutadisha imithombo wangempela esidlule;
• lozalo - ekutadisheni nokuzwelana ubudlelwano babantu;
• Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke - isayensi ukulandelana yesikhashana zezenzakalo ezingokomlando.

Ezinyathelweni Jules Verne

Popularization isayensi ngokuthi akulutho sasithonya anhlobonhlobo abantu ulwazi lwesayensi ngefomethi etholakalayo ukuyiqonda. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ososayensi kanye popularizers sicubungula idatha nge ulimi ezikhethekile yesayensi ku ulimi okulalele, esingeyena maqondana isayensi. nabo kudingeka zome kolwazi lwesayensi ukudala i-eseyi lelandzisako ezithakazelisayo ukuthi uyovusela isifiso shí ucwaningo yayo.

Eyodwa yezindlela eyinhloko popularization wesayensi kubhekwa yesayensi. A indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni kulendawo odlale izintandokazi eziningi njengoba Zhyul Vern. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kulapho ukutshala popularization yesayensi, aba maningi amathuba okuba abantu abasha eza kule ndawo. Ososayensi bayehluleka ukulondoloza umsebenzi wabo futhi impumelelo, futhi babiza ke isizukulwane esisha. Kodwa kukhona umuntu emlandweni, abakholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lwesayensi kufanele kube kutholakala kuphela kubantu ababengewona oshayelayo, njengoba, ngokungafani kuya lonke mass, wazi kahle indlela ukuzisebenzisa. Lokhu kubuka wabelane Tiho Brage. Ludwig fadeev, academician, ukholelwa ukuthi popularize ulwazi lwesayensi Yiqiniso, udinga (isibonelo, zonke wentela kumele siqonde ukuthi kungani kukhona intela). Kodwa zikhona izikhathi abakwazi ukuqiniseka ngempela ukuze bavuselele ngakhoke ulwazi mayelana quark strings, Yang-Mills Amasimu kuziwa abantu ngezigxobo encane inkohliso.

Isayensi ye ngekhulu xxi

Ukuvela izindawo ezintsha zesayensi, ngokuyinhloko elihlobene ne isifiso sayo yonke isayensi babe ezikhethekile ngaphezulu. Kule ndaba, kuleli khulu leminyaka, ezindaweni eziningana entsha ulwazi lwesayensi:

1. Neyroparazitologiya - isayensi study makroparazitov ophilayo ikakhulu ezindikimbeni umndeni ikati, kodwa futhi nekhono ahlale kulezi ezinegazi elifudumele njengabantu.
2. Biology Quantum - Biology bebheke lapho izidalwa eziphilayo zibonakala Umbono quantum.
3. Ekzometeorologiya - isayensi ekutadisheni ubunjalo izinqubo ezenzeka endaweni namanye amaplanethi, ngosizo izibonakude ezinamandla.
4. Nutrigenomics - isifundo budlelwane eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi izinqubo of the ukudla uwukubonakaliswa ufuzo.
5. Cliodynamics - isiyalo yesayensi ehlanganisa isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuxhumana macrosociology zomlando, umlando kwezomnotho, ukumodeliswa zezibalo izinqubo kwesikhathi eside umphakathi, systematization kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemininingwane engokomlando.
6. biology Zokwenziwa - isayensi ukwakha isakhiwo koHlelo olusha eziphila abakhuthele.
7. kwabantu yezamakhompyutha - isayensi ihlose ukutadisha imihlola kanye izitayela umphakathi usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe computer ihlaziye ukwaziswa.
8. memetics isakhi sokuzakhela - isiyalo abasafufusa ngokwesayensi ukuthi study isimiso ukudluliswa imibono kusukela komunye umuntu, ezindleleni ukulungiswa zabo nokuhlanganiswa namanye memes.