Ukuthuthukiswa komlando kafushane umqondo. izigaba zomlando ka ekukhuleni komphakathi

Kunezindlela eziningana nezindaba zisetshenziswa osekuyisikhathi eside boggling izingqondo. Singobani thina? Lapho zivela? Sesizoyaphi? Lezi yizinto ezimbalwa nje zezinkinga ezibhekene eyala enkulu ezifana nefilosofi.

Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukuqonda lokho isintu yenzani Emhlabeni. Jwayelana nemibono abacwaningi. Ezinye zazo ukubona indaba ibe yokwakha ehlelelwa, abanye - njengoba inqubo avaliwe eyindilinga.

Philosophy yomlando

Lokhu isiyalo isisekelo isifundo kuthatha umbuzo indima yethu emhlabeni. Ingabe ikhona umqondo kuzo zonke izenzakalo ezenzekayo? Sizama ukubhala kubo, bese tie ibe uhlelo olulodwa.

Kodwa ngubani empeleni protagonist? Man kudala inqubo noma umcimbi ukusebenzisa ngabantu? Lezi nezinye izinkinga eziningi bezama ukuzixazululela ifilosofi umlando.

Phakathi nocwaningo ke labelwa ekuthuthukiseni zomlando umqondo. Okulandelayo, sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama elithi "ifilosofi umlando" okokuqala ivela emibhalweni uVoltaire, kodwa waqala ukuthuthukisa usosayensi umalusi German.

Umlando zomhlaba has abantu njalo nesithakazelo. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona abantu ababezama ukuqopha bese uzindla izenzakalo. Isibonelo kungaba enomthamo omningi ukusebenza uHerodotus. Kodwa-ke izinto eziningi uchaza usizo "ungowaphezulu".

Ngakho, ake nilalele izici ezijulile ukuthuthukisa abantu. Ikakhulu njengoba enjalo kukhona kuphela ambalwa izinguqulo iphila.

amaphuzu amabili umbono

Uhlobo lokuqala libhekisela izimfundiso ebumbeneko ngamabanga. Asho ukuthini la mazwi? Abasekeli lendlela, inqubo ubonakala njengeNkosi olulodwa, komugqa futhi njalo ethuthuka. Lokho ngezesilisa ahlukene izinhlobo isiko, kanye zonke umphakathi wesintu uwonke, okuyinto kubenza babe munye.

Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela lo mbono, sonke ukudabula izigaba efanayo ukuthuthukiswa. Bobabili ama-Arabhu kanye Chinese baseYurophu, kanye kwabaThwa. Kuleli qophelo thina emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko. Kodwa ekugcineni bonke uyofika omunye umphakathi athuthukile. Ngakho, kubalulekile noma alinde kuze kube yilapho lonke izitebhisi izoya kwemvelo yayo, noma ukuze ubasize ngale.

bhekisisa at the izigaba yentuthuko womuntu okuthiwa ziyafana. umbonwabo kuhlukile kunokunikeza kulowo odlule. Uma abasekela umqondo owodwa-stadial kwenchubekelembili elingapheli kucutshungulwa khona, pluralists kule ukungabaza.

Ngokusho ithiyori yabo, umlando emhlabeni siqukethe izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele, okuyinto ukusebenzisa indlela yabo nentuthuko. Kufana mycelium ehlathini. Sikhula ngakho amakhowe elalimi eseduze. Ngamunye wabo bayoqhubeka bekhula ngendlela yalo, kodwa umthetho ofanayo. Ngemva zom wilting ukuza nokufa. Kodwa esikhundleni sakhe kuza isitshalo entsha.

Ngakho, kuvela ukuthi akukho kwemvelo njalo, futhi umlando uyaziphinda. Yonke into yaziwa kithi, ngake impahla abantu langaphambilini, okuyinto kwafinyelela waso futhi wanyamalala.

umqondo okungokwemvelo

Sikhuluma umqondo ezifana "ekuthuthukiseni zomlando umqondo." Formational, impucuko noma okungokwemvelo - akunandaba. Into esemqoka - ukuthi ososayensi abuthana umbono olulodwa. Okwakushiwo lokuthuthukisa, eqinisweni, ngisho Abasekeli bunyenti akaphiki ukuthi abantu nokuthuthukisa ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo futhi izigaba, kodwa ngendlela Kuvunguza.

Okusho ukuthi, uma umuntu Stone Age ongathanda ukuba adle, waya ukuzingela noma wawuhlwitha isithelo somuthi. Izinyathelo zokuqala ukubandakanya umsebenzi elinamandla isizinda kwalezi zinsiza. Ake siqhathanise okwamanje. Inyama usulungile, kodwa futhi kudingeka uthole. Kumele siye emsebenzini, ukuthola imali, abese ushintshashintsha kubo sokudla. Ngakho, inqubo lamahubo lilingana, kuphela babe more xaka.

Ngakho, umqondo okungokwemvelo muhle kuphela ngemcondvo, ngoba bebona indoda ngaphandle. umuntu ngamunye esikalini ngaphandle komphakathi. Okwakushiwo lo mbono itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ukuziphatha, imithetho nezimiso esesibekiwe umuntu ekuqaleni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi musa ukuthuthukisa, kodwa nje kokwembula amakhono abo.

Nokho, sibonga lombono akukwazi ngandlela-thile ekholisayo hlanganisa zonke izinqubo. Ngakho-ke, kabanzi, sizogxila asele amabili izinketho.

umqondo civilizational

Elokuqala version ezimbili ezivamile kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa nonlinear lesintu. umsekeli waso, ezifana Danilevsky futhi Spengler, umlando ovezwe ifomu impucuko elingalodwa, kukhona ehlukile futhi original ukuthi kuyaqabukela kuphela nihlanganyele.

Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa mbono, eminye imithetho ahoxiswa, okwakuyoholela elifanele izenzakalo ukuvela umphakathi futhi ukuhlanganisa kubo ibe ngezigaba olulodwa.

umqondo Civilizational yentuthuko zomlando kusho nesikhathi emiphakathini ethile imihlangano ethile. Zibizwa ngokuthi imithetho yamasiko-zomlando.

Zonke ezinhlanu ziboniswe ngosuku. Ngakho, impucuko kungenziwa kuphela ithathwa njengendlela umphakathi, okuyinto lubekezelela zonke izinto ohlwini olulandelayo:

1. Ulimi Common noma izilimi ukuthi iqembu angakwazi ukuxhumana nabanye.
2. Ukuzibusa ngaphandle abanye ababusi kanye nokuhlalisana kwabantu ukuthi kudala isikhala intuthuko.
3. Ubunikazi isiko, amasiko nezinkolelo zakhe.
4. Inqubo ezilinganiselwe. Okungukuthi, impucuko ngamunye has nezikhathi lokuzalwa, ukudlondlobala nokuwa.

Ngakho, ababesekela ekuthuthukiseni zomlando ziye zakhomba amaqembu amaningi endawo. Uma ubashayela ngezwe, uthola mayelana nanhlanu izifunda: China, India, eMesophothamiya, izwe zamaSemite, eMexico, Latin America, iGrisi, iRoma kanye nabanye.

Kususelwa mbono, kuvela ukuthi indaba - akuyona inqubo ezilandelanayo, futhi eyindilinga. Futhi impucuko yethu futhi ulindele ukwehla, futhi sizobuyiselwange ukwakheka entsha ngokuphelele.

umqondo formational

Abasekeli balobu indlela ukubona emlandweni izigaba ezilandelanayo ukuthuthukiswa. Phakathi ososayensi ezahlela lezi mibono yayingekhona Marx, Ferguson, Smith, Engels.

Le ndlela eqala kwemvelo komugqa kusuka amafomu elula uhlobo yesimanje. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili isakhiwo ngokomzimba, futhi entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe.

Kuyini theory zabo? Ngesisekelo ukuthuthukiswa lesintu, babone ushintsho amafomu ukukhiqiza. ngokugcwele sizoxoxa ngokwengeziwe, kodwa umqondo kanje.
Ekuqaleni, abantu abazange akudalayo, bajabulele lokho sondela bo dlela. Kwaba ukuzingela kwandile, kubutsela izithelo, ukudoba.

Kamuva kwakukhona izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izilwane ezifuywayo ezifuywa cultivars okusanhlamvu, imifino kanye nezithelo. Manje ungakwazi ukuhlela isikhundla isizwe kanye nabantu, ngokungafani kuya icala kanye inhlanhla kwesiteji odlule.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baqala ukukhiqiza izimpahla ngisho ngobuningi ngaphezulu. Kube ukuhweba, izikebhe. Sekube a division of umphakathi ku-abacebile nabampofu. Kube ayeyizigqila.

Endaweni le Yakha iza amakhosi asendulo, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi baqala Ukusungula izindlela eziklanyelwe esikhundleni bokusebenza komuntu. Kodwa bajwayele kanye nezisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukukhiqizwa amandla, lapho abantu ukuthatha indima ekusekeleni kuphela, kodwa namanje zabasebenzi kwande wezisebenzi namafemu.

Lesi sinyathelo efanayo kuhilela kuphela ukuzibandakanya womuntu sakugcina ekukhiqizeni. Okudingayo - ukushabalalisa umonakalo futhi anikeze kudingekile imisebenzi izindlela.

Ngakho, uma sikhuluma umqondo formational, kumele wathi ukuthi wamukele isinyathelo esilandelayo ngesinyathelo division of emlandweni wesintu. Ngesisekelo kuba ukukhiqizwa ezibonakalayo. Ake sibheke kwenkathi ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.

Abazingeli futhi ababutha

Nemiqondo eyisisekelo izenzakalo ezingokomlando ihlaba umkhosi ngesikhathi lapho abantu babephila ngokwehlukana esizweni ngasinye, ekhiqizwa lutho futhi akakhulelanga, bese usebenzisa izipho bemvelo kuphela.

Lokhu kwenzeke ekuqaleni isintu. Emivubukulweni, le nkathi oluhambisana yobudala stone noma paleolith.

Igama yezesayensi esiteji - wendzabuko nobe lasekuqaleni. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu bayobe wayengazi ukuthi sikhule izitshalo nezilwane, hhayi domesticated isilwane esisodwa. muva kuphela kuqhathaniswa ithole ukhululekile ngomlilo.

Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuba athole ukudla nezingubo zokugqoka abebezingela futhi ubutha. Ukwakha kwezikhali kanye namathuluzi kwalesi sikhathi ihlukaniswe izigaba eziningana. Ekuqaleni usebenzisa izindlela ngakwesokunene - amatshe, tindvuku, amathambo. Kamuva sathola ukuthi iphathe lokhu okubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza ngokuzimisela.

Ososayensi wajinge wanamatsela Silicon esilucwecwana ukuthi yahlanganiswa ndawonye okhunini noma uphondo, ukwakha blade ukufana. Kwakufana imimese kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baye bafunda ukwenza izikhali imikhonto, yasungulwa umnsalo nomcibisholo.

Ukuze sondle isizwe, kwakudingekile ukuba sisebenzisane ukuze balawule tilwane letinkhulu. Phakathi nale nkathi, singakwazi ukuhlakulela zokuxhumana. Ekuqaleni, ngoba lisebenzisa ukuthinta nemisindo ke bakha inkulumo ngalokulingene.

Indlela yesibili ukuzondla babehlangene. Ngokwenza amaphutha, ukuthola izithelo ezidliwayo, amakhambi, izimpande. Kamuva le ithuthukiswe ukulima.

ebugqilini

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (khumbula ukuthi sikhuluma nemiqondo eyisisekelo izenzakalo ezingokomlando), inkampani waqala ukuhlanganyela isikhundla nempahla. izingqimba Kwakheka, noma njengoba bebizwa kanjalo, lombhalo.

I ohlonishwayo kakhulu yibona ungase ayale futhi baqikelele yonke inzalo ngokwalo. Zaba abaholi, nababusi, igunya.

Eyesibili steel ungqimba Abapristi. Laba bantu kuhlanganisiwe owayazi indlela yokuphatha wayazi izimfihlo ezithile ndaba futhi wathola ezinye izici ukuthi iningi alazi. Ngemva kwalokho ziye zathola izimfundiso iziphathimandla zenkolo kwezinhlangano (isonto, oda zenkolo nokunye.).

Ize kulandele isizwe kumele bavikelwe nokungena ensimini, amagugu. Ngakho-ke, amasosha bakha ikilasi.

iqembu Largest babe ababazi abavamile, abalimi, pastoralists - kwezakhi engezansi sabantu.

Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi, abantu baye basebenzisa izigqila. Ngokuba abanjalo izisebenzi disempowered kuchasiselwe bonke ababeza ngobuningi babo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuthi bangene ku ubugqila bezikweletu, isibonelo. Leyo akuyona ukunikeza imali, kodwa ukusebenza. Futhi ithengiswe enkonzweni sezithunjwa ocebile ezinye izizwe zabantwana.

Izigqila kwakufanele main angisebenzi kule nkathi. Bheka imibhoshongo eGibhithe noma Great Wall of China - lezi izikhumbuzo kwakhiwa nje izandla yezigqila.

Inkathi feudalism

Kodwa esintwini savela futhi esikhundleni ekugubheni zesayensi ekukhuleni ukunwetshwa lempi. Stratum ababusi amaqhawe ngaphezulu izizwe ezinamandla, owabangelwa abapristi, waqala ukuthi abeke yalelozwe engumakhelwane zawo, ngesikhathi esifanayo bayawuqhwaga izwe labo lomthelo elinesithunzi.

Kwaba kunenzuzo ukuba nilidle izigqila hhayi disenfranchised owayenganikela usukume imizana eminingana nge abalimi. Basebenza emasimini ukuze bondle imikhaya yabo, futhi umbusi wendawo owabavikela. Ukuze waze wanikela ingxenye sokuvuna nezinkomo esekhulile.

izenzakalo ezingokomlando umqondo chaza kafushane le nkathi ngokuthi umphakathi yenguquko ukusuka manual ukukhiqizwa ngomshini. Inkathi feudalism iyefana nge Ephakathi kanye nesikhathi esisha.

Kuleli khulu, abantu sebesazi kanjani emkhathini - wathola emazweni amasha, futhi yangaphakathi - ukuphenya property izinto, kanye amathuba womuntu. Ukutholakala kwe-Melika, India, Kasilika eya nezinye izenzakalo elichaza lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu kulesi sigaba.

Esikhathini nkosi feudal eyayinawo ezweni, kwaba nababusi, ngubani baxhumene abalimi. Ngale ndlela ekhulula isikhathi sami futhi wakwazi uyibambe for fun, wahlanganyela ukuzingela noma impi kuphangwa.

Kodwa intuthuko akuyona emi namanje. umcabango Scientific sahamba phambili njengoba nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana.

umphakathi zezimboni

A esigabeni esisha izenzakalo ezingokomlando umqondo libhekene inkululeko enkudlwana, umuntu, uma kuqhathaniswa esedlule. Qala kuphakama balingane wabo bonke abantu, ilungelo bonke ukuphila ngesithunzi, kunokuba yokujama tsi nama-labour ezingenathemba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izindlela zokuqala ezenza ukukhiqiza lula futhi ngokushesha. Manje, lokho kwaba kanye ingcweti ukwenza ngesonto, kwakunokwenzeka ukudala kwamahora ambalwa, hhayi edonsa professional kanye ngaphandle kokukhokha kuye iyiphi imali.

At the site ezitolo inhlangano kukhona namafemu kuqala bese izitshalo. Yiqiniso, abazi ziqhathaniswa yesimanje, kodwa inkathi base nje phezulu.
imiqondo Wanamuhla izenzakalo ezingokomlando correlate yokukhululwa isintu ophoqelelwe ngokwanda yakhe ngokwengqondo nabanengqondo. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi kukhona izikole lonke wefilosofi, abacwaningi isayensi yemvelo kanye nakwezinye izindlela ososayensi kabani imibono ziba igugu namhlanje.

Ongazange wezwa Kant, Freud noma Nietzsche? Ngemva French Revolution, isintu saqala ukukhuluma hhayi nje ukulingana womuntu, kodwa futhi ngendima ngamunye emlandweni wonke. It kuvela ukuthi yonke impumelelo odlule etholwe ngemizamo yomuntu, kunokuthi usebenzise onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene.

isigaba post-zezimboni

Namuhla siphila esikhathini ezinkulu ezifinyelelwe, uma sibheka umlando esiteji of ekukhuleni komphakathi. Umuntu uye wafunda clone amaseli, unyawo phezu kwenyanga, ehlola cishe wonke amagumbi Earth.

Isikhathi sethu ikunika umthombo ongashi amathuba, lutho egameni lesibili kwesikhathi - Ulwazi. Manje ngosuku kukhona ukwaziswa okuningi kangaka ezintsha njengoba ungazange ube phambi kanye ngonyaka. Asikafaneli isikhathi walokhu kusakazwa.

Futhi, uma sibheke ukukhiqizwa, cishe yonke enze amalungiselelo. Isintu uzihlanganisa esengeziwe enkonzweni nokuzijabulisa.

Ngakho, ngesisekelo ebamba isisu komugqa izenzakalo ezingokomlando, abantu baya ngokuqonda imvelo ngijwayele emhlabeni kwawo kwangaphakathi. Kukholakala ukuthi esigabeni esilandelayo okusekelwe yekwakha imiphakatsi ngaphambilini kuchazwe kuphela utopias.

Ngakho, thina ezibhekwa ukukhulelwa yesimanje yentuthuko zomlando. Liphinde waqonda kakhulu phakathi indlela kumiswa. Manje uyazi umbono eziyisisekelo mayelana ukuvela umphakathi emphakathini bakudala ngisho nanamuhla.