Elingcolisa emoyeni emzini? Yini izinto kungcolisa emoyeni?

Ukushintsha Ukwakheka igesi umkhathi - umphumela inhlanganisela zemvelo ngokwemvelo futhi izenzo zabantu. Kodwa yiziphi izinqubo obusa okwamanje? Ukuze sithole impendulo, kudingeka siqale ukucacisa engcolisa emoyeni. Ukwakheka kwalo kuqhathaniswa njalo eminyakeni yamuva kungaphansi nokushintshashintsha kwamanani abalulekile. Izinkinga eziyisisekelo ukulawula ekushayweni nokuvikelwa ubumsulwa umcengezi emoyeni njengesibonelo lokhu umsebenzi emadolobheni.

Ingabe umkhathi siyashintsha?

Ukungcoliswa komoya ezemvelo naka ekushintsheni ezomhlaba zayo eqoqwe isikhathi eside observation. Bona kwenzeke ngenxa izinhlobo eziningi umphakathi emvelweni, kanye ngenxa izinqubo zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto ezingcolisa umoya, futhi ukuma Ukwakheka igesi ebangelwa umkhathi, kwakheka ngenxa emishinini yokuphefumula, faneleki futhi chemosynthesis kumaseli yezinto eziphilayo.

Ngaphezu zemvelo, kukhona ukungcola ezenziwe umuntu. imithombo wakhe kungaba kwekhabhoni iyiphi izindawo zokukhiqiza, imfucuza amagesi ohlanganyelwe wemboni yasendlini, ezokuthutha kwekhabhoni. Lokhu kufana poro lokho ukungcoliswa komoya okubeka impilo yomuntu futhi inhlalakahle yonke imvelo. Izinkomba esemqoka ye umkhathi kufanele zihlala zinjalo, ezifana kulo mdwebo ongezansi.

Okuqukethwe ezinye izingxenye emkhathini encane, kodwa kunakwe lapho sinquma ukuthi iyiphi izinto kungcolisa emoyeni, futhi yiziphi ingozi eziphilayo. Ethebuleni ngezansi, ngaphandle eyisisekelo, kuhlanganisa izingxenye njalo umoya, okuqukethwe okwandisa phakathi kwezintaba-mlilo, imisebenzi yezomnotho labantu (carbon dioxides nitrogen, i-methane).

Ongawungcolisi emoyeni?

Ukwakheka igesi umkhathi phezu olwandle, nasemachibini, kanye nezimfunda, amahlathi, izinqolobane uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli izinguquko ezimbalwa kuqhathaniswa emadolobheni. Yiqiniso, e imvelo izinto zemvelo ngenhla uthola izinto. Negesi lokushintshisana in the uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kungokwaphakade. Kodwa zemvelo ubuswa inqubo, okuyinto ongawungcolisi emoyeni. Ngokwesibonelo, emahlathini - photosynthesis phezu machibi - ukuhwamuka. Ama-bacterium silungise nitrogen emoyeni, lesi sitshalo wayehlala kude futhi zimunce-carbon dioxide. Isibhakabhaka phezu izilwandle nezilwandle ayegcwele amanzi umusi, i-iodine uxhumano lokudlulisa, chlorine.

Yini elingcolisa emoyeni?

Okuyingozi for eziphilayo ayizakhi zahlukahlukene kakhulu, zonke ezaziwayo isikhathi esingaphezu 20,000 ezingcolisayo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Emadolobheni emkhathini, izimboni kanye zokuthutha izikhungo sanyalo kanye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi gaseous, aerosols, izinhlayiya ezincane eziqinile. Sibala okuyinto izinto kungcolisa emoyeni:

• carbon ne-carbon amagesi (carbon mono- kanye dioxide);
• sulphur nesibabule anhydrides (thini nesibabule trioxide);
• nitrogen (oxides kanye ammonia);
• methane nezinye hydrocarbon gaseous;
• uthuli, umule kanye particulate ndaba, isib, e-ore izimayini ensimini.

Yiziphi imithombo of emkhathini?

Iyingozi izinto ezingcolisa umoya izinto faka umoya hhayi kuphela e igesi kanye nesimo umusi, kodwa ngesimo kuhlukaniswe amaconsi amancane, izinhlayiya okuqinile letingemasayizi lahlukene. Allowance etholakele amabhizinisi kanye ezokuthutha yokungcola ayizakhi ethize, amaqembu abo (okuqinile, gaseous, uketshezi).

Lokuhlushwa izingxenye fixed kanye elibanzi emoyeni kuyahlukahluka emini, ngokuvumelana nezinkathi zonyaka. Ngo izibalo contaminants ku-akhawunti umfutho womoya, izinga lokushisa, ovunguzayo isiqondiso, ngoba izimo sezulu kuphazamise indlela yokwakheka asemkhathini umngcele ungqimba. Ushintsho E-lokuhlala kakhulu yezingxenye, ezifana-carbon dioxide, musa nje zenzeka phakathi nonyaka. Ukwenyuka inani CO ₂ e neminyaka engaba yikhulu edlule (kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini). Kwezinye izimo, izinguquko lokuhlala kubangelwa zemvelo. Lokhu kungaba mlilo, okukhiphayo nokuguqulwa compounds ezinobuthi emhlabathini noma amanzi ezindaweni ezikhethiwe. Kodwa xaxa izinguquko ongakuthandi Ukwakheka asemkhathini kuholela umsebenzi womuntu.

Elingcolisa emoyeni Emhlabeni? imithombo yemvelo kanye eyenziwe kwekhabhoni elimazayo. I last awashintsheki (ipayipi amabhizinisi, boilers, uphethiloli yokugcwalisa iziteshi ikholomu) kanye mobile (tindlela tekutfutsa letehlukene). Bala izinto eziyisisekelo okuyinto zivela izinto ezingcolisa umoya:

• ezisebenza izinkampani ezimbonini eziningi;
• umsebenzi, lapho izimayini uqhutshwa;
• izimoto (kungcolisa emoyeni ovuthayo fuel ethathwe uwoyela, igesi noma ezinye izinto-carbon-aqukethe);
• ukugcwaliswa esiteshini gaseous ne liquid zokubasa;
• kubhayela usebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi futhi zabo by-imikhiqizo;
• ngemapholigoni futhi landfills, lapho izinto bangcolisa umoya, ezakhiwe kwamazinyo yokubola kwemfucumfucu yezimboni nendle yasekhaya.

emazweni Agricultural ezifana amasimu, nezingadi, amasimu ezithelo, kuphindze kufake sandla ngoshintsho omubi umkhathi. Lokhu kungenxa wobuciko, efaka umquba, sishaye zinambuzane.

Uyini umthombo oyinhloko ukungcoliswa komoya?

It uthola eziningi ezibangela yingozi emkhathini ukuqalisa, nokushiswa at imililo emadolobheni, emahlathini, amasimu emathafeni. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, elikhulu kakhulu ushintsho yokwakheka ungqimba ebusweni izimoto kunomthelela emkhathini. It ama-akhawunti, ngokuvumelana ezahlukene kulinganiselwa ukuthi kusukela 60 kuya 95% of emkhathini gaseous.

Elingcolisa emoyeni emzini? amazwe Population emadolobheni ikakhulukazi abaphethwe imikhiqizo anobuthi amandla omlilo nophethiloli. Ngo ukwakheka kwekhabhoni iqukethe izinhlayiya okuqinile, ezifana umule nomthofu zezakhi liquid gaseous: i-sulphur dioxide, i-carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon nemikhiqizo yabo.

Otshalayo ukungcoliswa komoya nasezindaweni zezimboni lapho lakhiwa umkhakha, isizinda ukucutshungulwa netshe, usawoti, amafutha, amalahle kanye negesi yemvelo. Ukwakheka kwekhabhoni iyashiyana isethi imikhakha kwelinye noma elinye ngxenye yezwe. I umoya ongcolile emadolobheni njalo iqukethe imikhiqizo amandla omlilo, phakathi kwabo kukhona carcinogens eziningi, isib, dioxin. kuphakama Intuthu ayezithole ehlathini, u asemaqeleni kanye Peat imililo, evuthayo amahlamvu nemfucumfucu. Ngokuvamile abasele izinkuni emasimini imfucuza emaphethelweni amadolobha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ngokuqondile ezitaladini ngomlilo amahlamvu, utshani.

Yini izinto aqukethe isisi esiyingozi umkhakha futhi ezokuthutha?

Elingcolisa emoyeni emzini? Esikhathini izikhungo yezimboni umsebenzi, izimboni, ezokuthutha, Umbuso indawo ukwakhiwa izinkampani. Ngamunye bengavumi ngabanye nanjengeqembu abe nomthelela zobuchwepheshe emvelweni. Ngokuvamile contaminants basebenzisane. Ezimweni eziningi, kuba nokwaziswa nokonakala oxides nonmetal e amanzi - ngakho kwakhiwa "acid" inkungu nemvula. Tibangela umonakalo ongalungiseki imvelo, nempilo yabantu kanye wobuciko yezakhiwo.

kwekhabhoni Ubude ukungcola e zasemadolobheni kanye ukufinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane amathani. Umthamo elikhulu compounds ezinobuthi ivela Metallurgical, amandla, amakhemikhali, ezokuthutha umkhakha. Otshalayo emoyeni toxics: ammonia benzapirenom, i-sulphur dioxide, formaldehyde mercaptan, phenol. Njengengxenye isitshalo kwekhabhoni enkulu yezimboni aqukethe izinhlobo 20 ukuya kwayi-120 uxhumano. Ngezinga elincane compounds eziyingozi akhiwa ngesikhathi ihlanganisa ukudla textile izimboni, e zemfundo izikhungo, ezempilo kanye namasiko.

Eziyingozi uma imikhiqizo organic imfucuza amandla omlilo?

Imizi kuyovinjwa ukuba ashise amahlamvu awile, utshani, izihlahla, emaphaketheni, izinto zokwakha kanye nezinye ezimbonini nendlu. intuthu Acrid iqukethe izinto engcolisa umkhathi. Ziyakwazi eyingozi empilweni yomuntu, isimo sibe sibi nekhwalithi isiyonke imvelo.

yokuntuleka ezethusayo ukuqonda ngabanye kanye nezisebenzi izinkampani ukuthi aphule imithetho ngcono, okwenza isimo okungekuhle kakade emvelweni, lapho ushise udoti izinqwaba kanye umquba emasimini awo, emagcekeni emafulethini umlilo ukuchitha iziqukathi. Umbhali wayevame ukunezela lokhu udoti samanje amabhodlela epulasitiki, ifilimu. Lokhu intuthu kuyalimaza ikakhulukazi ngenxa imikhiqizo ezishisayo noqhekeko we polymer. Esikhathini Russian Federation I-udoti evutha edolobhaneni emagcekeni izinhlawulo.

Ngo omlilo plant izingxenye, amathambo, isilwane izikhumba, polymers nezinye zamagama organic carbon oxides abelwe, umhwamuko, nitrogen kancane. Kodwa lokhu akulona lonke ezingcolisayo emoyeni, okuyinto akhiwa umlilo noma yefilakisi imfucuza, udoti yasendlini. Uma amaqabunga, amahlumela, utshani kanye nezinye izinto ezimanzi, ivelele ezinobuthi ezingaphezu kuka ayinangozi umhwamuko. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho 1 ton yefilakisi amahlamvu ezimanzi ezikhishwe-30 kg CO (carbon monoxide).

Mani eceleni inqwaba yefilakisi udoti - kufana ibe angcoliswe kakhulu kwezokuthutha emgwaqweni edolobheni. Ingozi carbon monoxide ukuthi sibopha ukuthi e-hemoglobin. I carboxyhemoglobin okuholela ayikwazi ihambise umoya-mpilo emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Nezinye izinto engcolisa umkhathi, kungabangela ukuphazamiseka bronchi kanye namaphaphu, ubuthi, exacerbation izifo ezingamahlalakhona. Isibonelo, ngokulondoloza ephefumula carbon monoxide inhliziyo isebenza nge load yakho iphezulu kakhulu, kusukela umoya-mpilo owanele athunyelwa ezicutshini. Kulokhu, zingase zibe zimbi isifo senhliziyo. Ngengozi enkulu nakakhulu yisona inhlanganisela carbon monoxide ukungcola komoya izimboni, qeda ezokuthutha.

Amazinga lokuhlala ezingcolisayo

Emkhathini zivela yensimbi nensimbi, amalahle, izitshalo uwoyela negesi ukucutshungulwa, amandla izindawo, ukwakhiwa kanye Umbuso izimboni. kwazo imisebe ye kugqamuke amalangabi esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi eChernobyl futhi esikhungweni samandla enuzi eJapane sandile emhlabeni jikelele. ukwanda emakiwe okuqukethwe carbon oxides, isibabule, i-nitrogen, freons nezinye kwekhabhoni enobungozi enemisebe ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene kule planethi yethu. Ngezinye izikhathi ubuthi Kutholwe kude indawo lapho izinkampani bangcolisa umoya. Lesi simo okuphazamisayo futhi kunzima nokuxazulula izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba isintu.

Ngo-1973 ikomiti olufanele we-World Health Organization (WHO) uhlongoza nenqubo ekuhloleni izinga lomoya emadolobheni. Ongoti bathole ukuthi isimo sempilo yabantu by 15-20% kuncike zezemvelo. Ngesisekelo izifundo abaningi ekhulwini XX ezichaziwe kwemazinga lamukelekile ukungcola enkulu ingozi kubantu. Ngokwesibonelo, emakamu isilinganiso izinhlayiya imisiwe emoyeni kumele kube 40 g / m ^_3. Okuqukethwe nesibabule oxides kumele singeqi 60 mg / m ^₃ ngonyaka. Ukuze i-carbon monoxide imidiyeni ohambelana - 10 mg / m ^₃ amahora ayi-8.

Uyini esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe (MPC)?

Lesinqumo LoMkhandlu-Chief State yenhlanzeko Doctor we Russian Federation evunywe ejwayelekile ngezinyathelo zenhlanzeko okwakufanele okuqukethwe cishe 600 compounds eziyingozi e imizana emkhathini. Lokhu MPC ezingcolisayo emgqeni emoyeni okhombisa ukungabi khona nemiphumela emibi izimo abantu nezenhlanzeko. Le mfuneko kuvezwe ingozi amakilasi compounds, amagugu okuqukethwe kwabo emoyeni (mg / ^_M3). Lezi nemingcele kumele bucaciswe lapho idatha entsha phezu ubuthi izinto ngabanye. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Uhlu dokhumenti samanje 38 izinto okuyiwona kuvinjelwe kwekhabhoni ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo omkhulu begazi.

Kanjani ukulawula isimo emkhakheni ukuvikelwa emoyeni?

izinguquko yabantu lichaza ekwakheni umoya kuholela nemiphumela engemihle emnothweni, yempilo futhi yehlise bempilo. Inkinga okwandayo izimali compounds eziyingozi emkhathini njengoba uhulumeni ukhathazekile, isimo kanye nohulumeni kamasipala, futhi umphakathi, abantu abavamile.

Umthetho wamazwe amaningi inikeza ubunjiniyela kanye survey kwemvelo ngaphambi ukwakhiwa, ukwakhiwa kabusha kanye sesimanje cishe zonke izinto komnotho. It eyenziwa inani ezingcolisayo emoyeni, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela emoyeni. izinkinga Solved wokunciphisa umthwalo yabantu kwimvelo, ukuncishiswa kwekhabhoni nokuphuma esithweni sobulili ukungcola. ERussia, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-imithetho kahulumeni ku nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, emoyeni, kanye nezinye izenzo zomthetho normative-zomthetho olawula imisebenzi emkhakheni kwemvelo. Kwasetshenziswa isimo lokulawula kwemvelo, kuphela ngalezi ezingcolisa eyenziwa ekushayweni edamu.

Kuyini Mae?

Enterprises, ukungcola komoya kufanele abale irisidi imithombo compounds eziyingozi emoyeni. Ngokuvamile, lokhu umsebenzi uthola ukuqhubeka yayo okunengqondo ekunqumeni esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe (MPE). Isidingo ukuthola le dokhumenti ihlobene uhlu umthelela yabantu ku emkhathini. Ngesisekelo ulwazi zifakwe MPE, inkampani uthola imvume ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ukungcola emkhathini. idatha ekushayweni zokulawula zisetshenziselwa ukubala izinkokhelo nomthelela omubi kwezemvelo.

Uma umthamo VAT futhi uvumela akukho, of emkhathini ukungcola imithombo etholakala ngaphakathi luhlobo zezimboni noma kwamanye amabhizinisi umkhakha ukukhokha 2, 5, izikhathi 10 ngaphezulu. Kokulinganisa ezingcolisayo emoyeni okuholela emkhathini ukunciphisa ithonya elibi. Kukhona isisusa kwezomnotho ngoba wokuthatha amagadango ukuze kuvikeleke imvelo kusukela yokuvuma yakhe ukuba compounds angaphandle.

Izinkokhelo ze ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ivela amabhizinisi, zanqwabelana iziphathimandla zendawo sikahulumeni e kwezimali ezikhethekile kwesabelomali kwemvelo. Izimali esichithwa imisebenzi kwemvelo.

Indlela ukuhlanza futhi bavikele emoyeni ezindaweni zezimboni kanye nezinye?

Ukuhlanzwa air okunobuthi Kwenziwa izindlela ezahlukene. On the amapayipi kubhayela nokucubungula izitshalo efakwe izihlungi, kukhona uthuli getter ukufakwa. Ngokusetshenziswa yokubola ezishisayo kanye namachibi, abanye ezinobuthi siguqulelwa compounds ayinangozi. Capture kwekhabhoni amagesi ayingozi phakathi ukufingqa Kwenziwa izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukumuncwa ukungcola sorbents, yelikhono zokuhlanzwa.

Ikusasa ukuvikelwa emoyeni ezihlobene ukusebenza zokunciphisa ukungcola emkhathini. Kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa ukulawula laboratory kwekhabhoni emadolobheni, emigwaqweni matasa. Kumele baqhubeka ukwethula ukudla okuqinile izinhlelo zokutakula kusukela Izingxube gaseous izitshalo. Udinga amadivayisi ezishibhile yesimanje ukuze bahlanze kwekhabhoni isisi esinobuthi aerosols. Inkambu ukulawula isimo kudinga ukwanda kwenani lezikhala sokuhlola ukulungisa kwekhabhoni wemoto. Amandla izimboni nezimoto kufanele nokuhumushela olimini ayiyona ingozi kusukela iphuzu kwemvelo umbono, zokubasa (ezifana igesi yemvelo, biofuel). Ngu omlilo yabo labelwe ezingcolisa kancane okuqinile futhi uketshezi.

Iyini indima izikhala green in the yokuhlanza emoyeni?

Kunzima overestimate okomnikelo izitshalo ubuyise zigcine-mpilo Emhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela avalele izinto. Amahlathi ngokuthi "igolide eliluhlaza", "amaphaphu iplanethi" I-leaf photosynthesis umthamo. Le nqubo ukumuncwa kwe-carbon dioxide futhi amanzi, umoya-mpilo kanye kumiswa isitashi ekukhanyeni. Izitshalo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana oluyingozi emoyeni - izinto kungaba yingozi kwamagciwane abangela izifo.

Ukwandisa endaweni isikhala oluhlaza ezindaweni zasemadolobheni - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu izilinganiso nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Batshala izihlahla, izihlahla, amakhambi izimbali ngamamitha yezindlu, emapaki, tikwele emigwaqweni. Plant le nsimu sezikole nezibhedlela, izitshalo zezimboni.

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu ukuncela uthuli futhi eziyingozi izinto gaseous kusukela isitshalo emkhathini, ezokuthutha kwekhabhoni izitshalo ezifana Poplar, Linden, ubhekilanga. Iningi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana oluyingozi production conifer emasimini. Air zikaphayini, * nomthidari, amahlathi zokhuni uhlanzekile kakhulu futhi ekwelapheni.