Ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye intuthuko yomphakathi. Indlela inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi

ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye intuthuko kwezenhlalo - eyisisekelo indaba ephathwayo ekuhloleni i-social science. izinguquko ezinkulu likhungethwe cishe yonke ezweni lanamuhla. Eqinisweni, ukushuba ushintsho kwezenhlalo liyakhula: kukhona olungcono phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa futhi sidilike ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo inhlangano, ozalwa nezinye. Lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela izinkampani ngabanye, kodwa futhi ye-oda ngezwe lilonke.

Ukuchaza Dynamics emphakathini kwabantu imiqondo elandelako main: ushintsho kwezenhlalo, ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye intuthuko emphakathini. Ungalokothi umphakathi akakaze isilungisiwe. Ngo kwakhe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi kwenzeka okuthile ukuba ekushintsheni. Abantu ziyaqaphela izidingo zabo siqu, ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhumana kanye nemisebenzi, zuza be entsha, ukushintsha imvelo, kufanele kuxhunywe izindima ezintsha emphakathini futhi ushintshe ngokwaso umphumela ushintsho izizukulwane, futhi ukuphila kwakhe.

Ukuguquguquka kanye bokungafani ushintsho kwezenhlalo

Ukuguquguquka kanye bokungafani izinguquko nomphakathi. Umqondo inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi ayihambisani. Litholakala ikakhulukazi yokuthi ukuthuthukiswa imihlola eminingi yomphakathi futhi izinqubo indlela ukuba siqhubekele phambili endleleni efanayo futhi ukubuyela emuva ukubaleka kwabanye. Kwenziwe izinguquko eziningi emphakathini abe umlingisi eziphikisa ezinjalo. Kungabonakali eshintsha abanye, abanye kakhulu ezithinta impilo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, washintsha kakhulu ngemva kokusungulwa egejeni, injini umusi, ngokubhala, computer. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phezu izizukulwane abahlala emazweni athuthukile zenzeka noshintsho olukhulu emphakathini. It siyashintsha ngale ukuqashelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emhlabeni iqhubeka umphakathi lapho kushintsha (Australian noma Afrika uhlelo bakudala) eyenziwa kancane kakhulu.

Yini eyenza akuphikisani ushintsho kwezenhlalo?

Ukungafani izintshisekelo nomphakathi bezinhlanga ezahlukene, kanye lokuthi nabameli babo babe bezibona ezahlukene izinguquko ezenzekayo, ngenxa yesimo ziyangqubuzana ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, isidingo ukuvikela impilo ehloniphekile yakha isithakazelo wesisebenzi ukuthengisa amandla abo bebeletha ezibizayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Eqaphela lesi sidingo efanayo, usomabhizinisi sifuna ukuthenga zabasebenzi eshibhile. Ngakho-ke, amanye amaqembu zenhlalo abangase basibheke Ngaphawula ushintsho oluhle inhlangano yomsebenzi, futhi abanye ngeke kubangele ukwaneliseka.

yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle

Phakathi kwalezi zinguquko eziningi bungabonakala isiqondiso qualitative engelapheki. Zibizwa ngokuthi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle namuhla. Sichaza le umqondo ngokunembile. Intuthuko yezenhlalakahle noshintsho emphakathini, okuholela ukuvela entsha zengqondo, izindinganiso futhi izinkambiso, tikhungo tetenhlalo. Ixhumeke nge ekuqongeleleni anyuswe, bulukhuni elandayo imisebenzi futhi izakhiwo kohlelo nomphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinqubo, uhlelo iyashelela. Kungenzeka kube ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene abantu banda. Kutfutfukiswa siqu izimfanelo abantu kuyisici esibalulekile, futhi umphumela yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.

Kuchazwa lo mqondo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi siveza olungokwemvelo, iqondiswe futhi engelapheki izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye izenzakalo. Ngenxa yalokho, aye esimweni esithile esisha qualitative, isb isakhiwo sabo noma okuqanjiwe washintsha. Komphakathi ekukhuleni komphakathi njengoba umqondo iyincane kunobubanzi ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Awukwazi ukushayela izikhathi ukuthuthukiswa zobunzima, iziyaluyalu, impi, ekubuseni kobushiqela okuyinto zingayilimaza impilo yomphakathi.

Inguquko kwezenhlalo kanye kwemvelo nomphakathi

zibonakala ngokucacile e kwabantu ezimbili tindlelanchubo ukucabangela yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Lokhu revolution kwezenhlalo kanye kwemvelo emphakathini. Lesi sakamuva libhekisela ngokuvamile kancane kancane, ukuthuthukiswa bushelelezi futhi kancane kancane umphakathi. Kunalokho, inguquko nomphakathi - inguquko olukhulu entsha nokushintsha zonke izici eqa qualitative.

Inqubekela futhi Ingahlehlela

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi izinguquko kunezinxushunxushu zenzeka emphakathini. Basuke izimpawu indlela ethile, okuyinto okhonjiswe lafana ekuhlehleni noma ukuqhubekela phambili. Umqondo intuthuko kwezenhlalo lisetshenziswa ukuze libhekisele kumuntu isiqondiso ezinjalo ekukhuleni komphakathi okukhona kuyo inchubekelembili yayo kusukela amafomu ephansi futhi elula kokuphila komphakathi ukuze eliphakeme nakakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, neliphelele kunalelo. Ikakhulukazi, la yizinguquko eziholela anda ubulungiswa emphakathini kanye nenkululeko, kulingana lokukhulu, izimo zokuphila ezingcono.

It is not bushelelezi njalo ngisho kwaba umlando. Sasizigqokele Kinks (amazombe) iphendula. Izinkinga, izimpi zezwe, izingxabano wendawo, ukusungulwa imibuso undlovukayiphikiswa ayehambisana izinguquko ezingezinhle ezithinta umphakathi. ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile kulinganiswa ekuqaleni omuhle, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaholela emiphumeleni engemihle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni nekwakhiwa kwetimboni babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli isikhathi eside lahlotshaniswa nokuba intuthuko. Nokho, muva nje kwakukhona inkulumo akhuluma ngemiphumela emibi lokubhubhisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, isiminyaminya ku imigwaqo, amadolobha eziminyene. Inqubekela ngithi uma isamba nemiphumela emihle yalesi noma ushintsho kwezenhlalo mkhulu isamba okungekuhle. Uma kukhona lobudlelwano, kuba umbuzo ekuhlehleni nomphakathi.

Abobulili kuya nesibongo limelela ukunyakaza kusuka eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze elula, kusukela phezulu ukuya ephansi, kusukela wonke izingxenye nokunye. Kukhokonke, kodwa-emgqeni zomlando yentuthuko kuchubekele embili, isiqondiso esihle. ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye intuthuko yokuzijabulisa izinqubo global. Inqubekela ephawula ukunyakaza umphakathi phambili kulo ukuthuthukiswa zomlando. Nakuba ekuhlehleni wendawo kuphela. Basuke imakwe isikhathi kwabantu nasemphakathini.

Reform futhi Revolution

Hlukanisa lezi zinhlobo inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi njengoba kancane kancane futhi ngokushesha. Kancane Kancane ngokuthi ashisekela izinguquko futhi ngokushesha - izinguquko. Ngakho, amafomu amabili phambili inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi - lokhu kabusha nokuvukela. Eyokuqala simele ngcono esinqunyiwe emkhakheni wokuphila. Lokhu ukuguqulwa kancane kancane, okuyinto musa kuthinte izisekelo uhlelo olukhona emphakathini. Kunalokho, inguquko - ashintshe indlela iningi amabutho zonke izici zokuphila kwezenhlalo, esithinta izisekelo isimiso samanje. It has a uhlamvu spasmodic. Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili phambili inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi - kabusha nokuvukela.

Indlela inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi

On value abo izahlulelo ezifana "okuqhubekayo - mva," "engcono - sibi" subjective. ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye intuthuko kwezenhlalo akukwazi ngalo mqondo ukuhlolwa ngalokuvakalako. Nokho, uma bahlulela amacala anjengalawa kubonise nokuxhumana nabanye nokuxhumana, ngomqondo ovulekile ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi, awayona subjective kuphela kulo mqondo, kodwa futhi inhloso. ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye intuthuko kwezenhlalo kungenziwa sithuthukise esikalini. Ngenxa yale njongo, izindlela ezehlukene.

ososayensi ezahlukene intuthuko kwezenhlalo nenqubo azifani. Waqaphela ngefomu generalized zimi kanje:

- ezingeni lolwazi, ukuthuthukiswa yingqondo yomuntu;

- Ukuthuthukiswa sesimilo;

- ukuthuthukiswa amabutho elikhiqizayo, kuhlanganise indoda ngokwayo;

- ubunjalo kanye izinga ukusetshenziswa kanye ukukhiqizwa;

- ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi;

- degree of ukuhlanganiswa kanye kwamangqamuzana emphakathini;

- inkululeko kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe kanye namalungelo yomuntu;

- degree of inkululeko emphakathini futhi amandla emvelo;

- isilinganiso sobude bokuphila kwabantu.

Ayanda lezi zinombolo, ayanda intuthuko kwezenhlalo kanye nokuthuthukisa umphakathi.

Man - inhloso kanye nenqubomgomo eyinhloko inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi

Inkomba eyinhloko progressivity noma regressivity of ushintsho kwezenhlalo yigama ngokomzimba, ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo komuntu, isimo zokuziphatha, ukuthuthukiswa okugcwele mahhala ubuntu. Lokho, kulesi simiso yesimanje yolwazi kwezenhlalo futhi zezenhlalakahle senzeka umqondo neyobuntu esichaza intuthuko kwezenhlalo kanye nokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Umuntu umgomo wakhe, kanye nenqubomgomo main.

HDI

ochwepheshe UN ngo-1990 yasungulwa HDI (Human Development Index). Ingakusiza ukuba acabangele kokubili izingxenye emphakathini nasemnothweni izinga lempilo. Inkomba esemqoka ibalwa unyaka ngamunye iziqhathaniso unqamule izwe kanye nekulinganisa izinga lemfundo, ukufunda nokubhala, ukuphila nokuhlala endaweni yocwaningo. Ngokuqhathanisa namazinga ophilayo emazweni kanye izifunda ithuluzi ejwayelekile. HDI lichazwa ngokuthi kusho izibalo nemingcele ezintathu ezilandelayo:

- uthando lokufunda ukufunda nokubhala isilinganiso (inombolo seminyaka engu esetshenziswe kwezemfundo), kanye isikhathi okulindeleke ukuqeqeshwa;

- bempilo;

- lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila.

Izwe kuye ngenani index ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka ezingeni yentuthuko kanje: emazweni 42 - ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa, 43 - okusezingeni eliphezulu, 42 - Ngokwesilinganiso, 42 - ongaphakeme. Phezulu ezifundazwe ezinhlanu lapho kukhona HDI eliphakeme, kuhlanganisa (inyuka oda) eJalimane, eNetherlands, USA, Australia kanye eNorway.

Komphakathi Inqubekela nokuThuthukiswa Declaration

Lo mbhalo wamukelwa ngonyaka 1969 yi-lesinqumo le-UN. Yezinjongo eziyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa kanye nenqubekela phambili izinqubomgomo nomphakathi ukuthi bonke ohulumeni uthi baphoqelelwa ukuba afeze, kukhona ukuqinisekisa lomholo kahle ngomsebenzi ngaphandle kokubandlululwa, eyasungulwa isimo eliphansi inkokhelo yayo, obekungadala okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa i elamukelekile nokuphakama kwezindleko zokuphila, sokuqedwa kobuphofu nendlala . IsiNqumo lesi igxile ukuqinisekisa izwe nokwenza ngcono impilo yabantu, kanye nokusabalalisa iyunifomu nelinganayo imali. yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle eRussia futhi kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nalesi simemezelo.

intuthuko Social kuholela yokuthi ezimbalwa, izidingo ngisho esihle sokuqala kancane kancane abe evamile e umphakathi. Le nqubo abonakala ngaphandle ukucwaninga kwesayensi, kwanele ukuqhathanisa lokhu isethi kanye nezinga izidingo zanamuhla yokuthi kwaba emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule.

Izithiyo ezikhubaza intuthuko kwezenhlalo

Ngendlela intuthuko kwezenhlalo kuyinto izithiyo ezimbili kuphela - isimo futhi inkolo. Monster-isimo imihlane eqanjiwe unkulunkulu. Umsuka inkolo kungenxa yokuthi abantu wanika siqu onkulunkulu babo ngamanga ikhono hypertrophied, amandla kanye uhlamvu.