Ubuciko Chekhov Anton Pavlovich. Uhlu lwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu

Umsebenzi kaKhekhov uhlukile. Ekhuluma ngokomfanekiso, ungomunye wezihloko zezincwadi zesiRashiya zegolide ezisekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umsunguli wendlela entsha yokudala. U-Anton Pavlovich naye ubhekwa njengomdlali wezemidlalo ongenakulinganiswa. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba negalelo ekukhuleni kwangempela kwezemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRussia. Namanje zifiseleka kakhulu ezinyathelweni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRussia kanye nezwe.

Classic classic

U-Leo Tolstoy wazisa kakhulu umsebenzi weChekhov. ULev Nikolaevich uthi u-Anton Pavlovich ungumlobi oyingqayizivele emhlabeni jikelele. Ukubaluleka kwakhe kombhali we-Seagull kugcwele injabulo: "I-Chekhov i-Pushkin kuyi-prose!" I-novelist evelele imbiza ngokuthi umculi ongenakuqhathaniswa owadala izinhlobo ezinjalo zokubhala ezingakaze azihlangane nazo.

Indlela yokudala ka-Anton Pavlovich ithola impendulo yakhe nasogwini lweFoggy Albion. Umdlali wezingoma waseNgilandi nomlobi uJohn Galsworthy waphawula ukuthi uChekhov wayenethonya elizuzisa kakhulu ezincwadini zesiNgisi. Izihloko zobuciko ngenxa yakhe zazibukezwa, ikakhulukazi, nguBernard Shaw. Isibonelo, "iNdlu yakhe lapho izinhliziyo ziphukile" kuthiwa umdlalo ngeBrithani "ngesitayela saseRashiya"

Ngendlela yokudala yomlobi

Ngempela, uChekhov waba ngumqambi omusha, wenqaba ukubandakanya amaqhawe esenzweni esenziwe ngaphandle, kusukela ekudalweni kokuzikhandla, ngokunikela ngamabomu umlobi womsebenzi wakhe wokuzijabulisa. Ukushintshanisa konke lokhu, u-Anton Pavlovich wagxila ekugxileni kwakhe emisebenzini yakhe kuze kube yindaba efihlekile. Esigabeni somsebenzi wakhe, i-violin yokuqala idlalwe yizinguquko esimweni sengqondo ses hero, ukuguquguquka kokubhekana kwakhe nezimo, isimiso sosuku nosuku.

Ekhanda lobuciko bakhe u-Anton Pavlovich wabeka umbono wokuwenza izwe libe ngcono, lihlanzekile, liphakeme. Ubuciko bukaChekhov, ngokulandela lesi simiso, sifuna ukuvusa "umphefumulo uphile" kumfundi. I-classic emisebenzini ibonisa nje ukuthi umuntu ungubani. Umlobi akathokozeli izethameli zakhe, azama ukukuthinta, akahambisani nanoma yini. Abalingiswa abathandayo bayabantu abafundele, abazinciphisa empilweni yokuphila esekelwe emangeni nasesibelethweni esilambile, kanye nabamele abantu, abalethwe ububha kanye nokuhleka usulu endaweni yokungabi nandaba.

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi kaKeykhov ulandela imigomo evulekile kuye:

1. I-classic ibizwa ngokuthi udade we talenta, hhayi ngeze. Ukhetha ukulandisa okuqinile, okuvimbekile. Uthembekile kumfundi wakhe, ngubani, ngokombono wakhe, ozothola incazelo, noma ngabe umsebenzi unzima.
2. Kubonakala sengathi imininingwane encane idlala indima ebalulekile ezindabeni zikaKeykhov. Abangekhona nje emisebenzini, kodwa bakhonze njengento eyinhloko, eyigumbi lembono yemibono yakhe.
3. Isitayela sika-Anton Pavlovich sibonakala ukungakhethi kwencazelo, ngoba uqiniseka ukuthi umfundi kufanele enze iziphetho.
4. I-Chekhov ngokukhethekile ayibhalelanga izingane ("Kashtanka" ne "Belolobiy" - ngaphandle). Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukufunda ingane kufanele nje ukhethe okungcono kakhulu kunabo bonke abantu "abadala".

Kodwa-ke, njengoba kwakhiwe umbono jikelele ngomsebenzi weklasikhi, kungaba kuhle ukulandela ukuguquka kwendlela yakhe yokudala. Into esiyifunayo kuyoba yi-biography nobuciko be-Chekhov.

Isikhathi sokuqala sokudala

U-Anton Chekhov wazalelwa ngoJanuwari 17, 1860 eTaganrog emndenini omthengi ompofu. Lapha waphumelela ekuzivocavoca kwedolobha. Ngisho nasesikoleni samabanga aphakeme, yena, nomsebenzi womlobi omdala, washicilelwa kumamagazini athandwayo "Alarm Clock", "Dragonfly", "Shards". Ngakho wathola imali kusukela esemncane, ebaluleke kakhulu emndenini, uChekhov.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isiphetho sasilungiselela insizwa ukuvivinywa okunzima: uneminyaka engu-17 ubudala wabhekana nokuvuvukala okukhulu kwe-peritoneum, okusho ukuthi, njengoba enye inguqulo, ibhekwa njengokubonakala kokuqala kwesifo sakhe ngesifo sofuba. Ngokwezinye izinguqulo, ezichazwe nguProfesa V.I. Razumovsky, u-Anton Chekhov wayenenkinga yokutheleleka ngokuqondile ezikhathini zaseyunivesithi zenhlangano yezokwelapha.

Kusukela ngo-1879 i-Chekhov encane, isifundo esinzima nesesikhathi esiningi eMoscow University saqala futhi senza umsebenzi omkhulu wezintatheli. Ngokusho kwemibono ka-Anton Pavlovich, kwakunzima ukuhlanganisa amakilasi nomsebenzi wokudala osebenza kakhulu, ukuxosha amahabhu amabili, imithi kanye nezincwadi. Iqiniso liwukuthi wayehlala nabazali bakhe, abafowabo abane nodadewabo eMoscow endlini encane. Futhi labo abafika ngokuzumayo izihlobo babevame ukuvinjelwa umlobi owayefuna ukubhalela uKokhov.

Izindaba zakhe zamahlaya zahlanganiswa yiqoqo elithi "Shalopei kanye nabasizi" (1882), elingazange lishicilelwe ngenxa yezizathu zokucwaninga. Ukuhluleka kokuqala kuphefumulelwe kuphela umlobi we-novice. Kamuva, esimweni esicacile, uzokhuluma ngesisusa sakhe somsebenzi: "Ukuphila akukwazi ukuhlanzeka".

Khona-ke lesi sigqi esinamandla sokuphila sizosusa lesi sifo. Ngo-1884, kusukela encwadini eya kummemezeli womagazini i-Oskolki, uKhekhov oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane ukhononda ngesifo somkhuhlane nokuhluleka ukuhlanganyela emtholampilo owengeziwe. Ugxila ngokuphelele emsebenzini wokubhala. Ngo-1884, washicilela iqoqo lakhe elithi "Amaphuzu Ezingqungquthela Zama-Melpomene" ngaphansi kwesigameko sika-Antosh Chehonte, futhi ngo-1886 - "Izindaba Zamabala". Encwadini yesibili uChekhov wabeka izindaba ezihlekisayo, ngokuqondile - ama-parodies. Lapha ithalenta lakhe lizibonakalise ngohlobo lomculi we-comic. Umlobi uzama ngezinhlobo eziningi. Uzama. Futhi okufunayo kungenzeka: ama-parodies akhe ezincwadini ezithandwayo ziyimpumelelo.

Kodwa-ke, ikusasa le-classic lisaba nesithakazelo ezincwadini ezinzulu. Yilokhu uKokhov abhala indaba elandelayo. "UVanka" (1886) utshela intandane eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ubudala, umfundi we-shoemaker u-Alyakhin, ingane exhashazwayo nobandlululo, etshela umkhulu wakhe uConstantin Makarych ukuba amthathe kule "sayensi kuya emcimbini". Ngaphansi komfana, intandane, abafundi abaphezulu bahlukunyezwa, uyashaywa futhi ahudulwa izinwele ngu-shoemaker ngokwakhe. Umfana ubhala ngobusuku bukaKhisimusi. Imikhumbuzo kanye nethemba, edonselwa yingqondo yakhe, idlulisela ngokucacile abafundi beChekhov. UVanka useyingane, futhi uthumela incwadi yakhe ngokuthinta kwengane ye-naivety "emzaneni womkhulu." Ngakho-ke, umfundi uqonda ukuthi uKonstantin Makarych akasoze afunde, futhi akukho lutho oluzoshintsha ekuphileni kanzima komfana.

Umlobi uChekhov

Kusukela ngo-1885, izincwadi ezinzima zokubhala izincwadi ziye zaqala ukubambisana naye: "Ukucabanga KwaseRussia", "eNyakatho Herald". Izindaba "Day Name", izindaba "Steppe", "Boring Story", "Chestnut" yi-Chekhov zishicilelwe. Ngo-1887 amaqoqo amabili amanoveli nezindaba ezimfushane ("Izinkulumo Zama-Innocent" nethi "Nge-Twilight") zanyatheliswa ngo-1888 - "Izindaba", ngo-1890 - "Gloomy People". Ukungena kufika kuye. Ngo-1888, umlobi wanikezwa umklomelo omncane wePushkin (isigamu).

Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi iningi lemisebenzi yalo mbhali, ngisho nangaphandle kohlobo, ithalenta lomlobi liqinisekisa ukuthandwa okufanele kwezinga labo. Isibonelo, iChekhov's Chestnut ithandwa yizizukulwane eziningi zezingane. Iphindwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kubonakala sengathi kungase kube lula ukutshela izindaba ngendlela inja (isiphambano phakathi kwe-dachshund ne-mongrel) kuqala elahlekelwa ngumnikazi wayo, bese-ke, ngokuba yi-escus, ngokungazelelwe itholakale. Konke isitayela sikaKhekhov silula: azikho amawididi noma ama-mermaids. Noma kunjalo, indaba ihlale ithandwa yizingane.

Ukuya eSakhalin

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-biography kanye nobuciko be-Chekhov kubonisa kuye indoda engaboni nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iyasebenza kakhulu futhi ibuza. Ngo-1890 wahamba waya eSakhalin. Ukubonakala kwakhe kohambo lwakhe oluthatha cishe izinyanga ezintathu eSiberia ubonisa uchungechunge lwezinhlobonhlobo "Ezivela eSiberia." Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu umlobi uchitha iSakhalin, lapho ezama ukuqonda ingqondo nokuphila kwababoshwa, futhi ekugcineni, ubuyela e-Odessa olwandle, ehambela amachweba eHong Kong, Fr. Ceylon, Singapore, Turkey. Ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokuhamba, uqala umsebenzi weminyaka emine encwadini yezindaba "Sakhalin". Ehamba ekhaya, uyathenga esifundazweni saseMoscow sefa elihle kakhulu iMekhokhovo.

Melikhovo - ukuqonda okushiwo yiSakhalin. Isiteji esisha se-Worldview

I-biography kanye nobuciko be-Chekhov, ngokubongwa kwabahlaziyi bombhalo, zihlotshiswe isikhathi esikhethekile kakhulu, esibizwa ngokuvumelana nefa lakhe "Melikhovsky." Ngaleso sikhathi u-Anton Pavlovich waba nomuzwa okhethekile kulabo abakudala, izinguquko emphakathini ohlobene nokucindezelwa kobudlelwano bobuqili bama-feudal, futhi waqaphela ukuthi ukungalungi kwenqubomgomo yokusabela kwaqhutshwa. Kodwa-ke, hhayi kuphela ekuqoqweni "iSakhalin" kusebenza u-Anton Pavlovich, owagcina ecebile, esakhiweni sakhe esivelele esicacile.

Ukuthandwa komlobi wenkululeko yentando yeningi kuningi. Abathengi ngokweqiniso bahlakazeka emabhalweni ezincwadi nge-AP yokubhala i-AP Chekhov "Izindaba namanoveli." Ngonyaka wokuqala we-Melikhov isikhathi sokudala, indaba yombono "Ikamelo No. 6" yaqedwa. Isithombe esivelele seChekhov esinesithombe esiyingqayizivele somuzi onobuchopho obunzima, lapho yonke into yokudala iye yaqothulwa khona, lapho kuphela isibhedlela kanye nejele "izinto ezibukeka ngayo", zithinta abafundi ngazo zonke iqiniso elibi, okwenza ucabange: "Kungani, thina ...". Ukungabi namthetho, ogama lakhe esibhedlela uDkt. Ragin owenqaba izimiso zobuntu, ukufa kwakhe (impindiselo yokholo) kwenza umuntu acabange ukuthi abantu kufanele baphile kanjani ngempela.

Umsebenzi omusha kaKhekhov ufakazele ngokucacile umlobi oyingqayizivele oqhubekayo, owavuka esiteji esisha sokudala.

Melikhovo. Ukuqwashisa ngesimo sabalimi

U-Anton Pavlovich, ngenxa yokusebenza kwakhe kwansuku zonke, waphenduka waba yinkosi ehlakaniphile ngempela. Wafunda ukubona ukuthi yilokho okwakusensukwini zonke phambi kwamehlo ezigidi zabantu bakuleli zwe, kodwa akazange azibonele.

Empeleni, iRussia yayiyizwe elihlala ezweni. KwakuseMekhokhov ukuthi wakwazi ukubona lokho abaseNarodnik abathule ngakho. Uqapha ngokucophelela impilo yamadolobheni aseKryukovo no-Ugryumovo, AP Chekhov. Izindaba "I-Case kusuka ku-Practice", "The Kingdom Kingdom", ngokusho kwama-eyewitness accounts, in imininingwane ibonisa abantu bangempela, kubandakanya abathengisi baseMrrh-Hrymins, empeleni "babebi nakakhulu".

I-Chekhov ivule iRussia ehlala ezweni elifundwayo umphakathi. Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa phansi, egcwele amanga ngothando lwabantu baseNarodnik kanye nokuqonda kwabo izifiso zabalimi, kwakunomqondo wokuthula. Uqhekeze uKokhov ngendaba yakhe "Abafana". Kulo, i-classic yamemezela esidlangalaleni ukuthi abalimi ngokuvamile "baphila kabi kunezinkomo." Besebuningi babo "abahluphekile, abahlanjululwa kahle, bephuzile, bengcolile". Ziyizimfanelo ezingokomoya ezingathuthuki, ngokuvamile ziyesaba futhi zisola. Futhi laba bantu bahlupheka ngenxa yamalungelo abo okunyathelwa, kusukela ekuhloniphekeni kwabo. Kudingeka bafundiswe, amalungelo abo kufanele avikelwe!

I-Chekhov iphefumulelwe. Abacwaningi bayakhumbula ukuthi ukukhanya ehhovisi lakhe eMelikhov ngokuvamile kwakushisa ubusuku bonke.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-classic

Yeka ukuthi i-palette yaleli master ihluke kangakanani, iveza iqiniso lokuthi ochungechungeni lwezinto ezibucayi uChekhov ubhala ngokuzenzekelayo izingane indaba ethi "White-throated". Eqinisweni, akekho obala abahlaziyi bezincwadi futhi engalindelanga ukuthi "unjiniyela wemiphefumulo yabantu" ngokuzumayo udala indaba yezinhlamvu ezihlukile. Futhi impendulo ilula: wayebathande izingane. Le nhlekelele ayizange isigcine: izingane zakhe, umlobi omkhulu, owayegula ngesifo sofuba, wayengeke abe nayo. Kodwa-ke, wayenakekela izingane zabasimili, ukulungisa izikole zabo ngemali yabo siqu.

Ungumlobi onokwehlukahluka. Iqiniso eliyiqiniso, ngaphansi kwesibindi sokwesaba okubangelwa ubuthongo bakhe obunzima, ngokuzumayo kudala umsebenzi othakazelisayo nothando "I-Black Monk", lapho izinkinga zobuhlakani kanye nokudala zihlangene ngokuncane.

Ngaphandle kwezinto eziphathekayo ezinzima, imisebenzi kaKhekhov nayo idalwe ngezingxenye ze-autobiography (indaba ethi "Ukuphila Kwami"). Endabeni ethi "Indlu ne-Mezzanine" ne "Gooseberries", i-classic ilandisa ngezici ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene eziphathelene nemali yamadolobhana: insalela ye "izidleke ezihloniphekile" nokuntuleka kokomoya "amakhosi okuphila" amasha, abathengisi. Indaba ekhonjiwe ekugcineni, kanye ne "The Man in Case" nethi "Mayelana Nothando" yi-trilogy.

Mayelana nemidlalo eminingi "ye-Melikhov"

E-Melikhov Anton Pavlovich yenza umdlalo omkhulu "Uncle Vanya". Yeka indlela ekwazi ngayo ukuveza ukungabongi komuntu nokuphelelwa yisikhathi okubangelwa yiyo! U-Uncle Vanya uthembekile umnikazi wefa, lo profesa, ethola kuye umholo onzima. Umnikazi unquma ukuwuthengisa, hhayi ukukhathalela isiphetho somuntu "owakhulume" (umbhalo wokugcina uvela "kuNkosana Omncane" we-Exupery).

Ukuzindla ngezindlela zobuciko kuhola umdlali wokudlala ukudala umdwebo omusha - umdlalo "I-Seagull". Kulo u-Anton Pavlovich emigqeni yezakhi ezahlukene abangela umbukeli ukuba aqonde ukuthi yikuphi ubuciko bangempela: okuyingqayizivele ngendlela yakhe enhle yokusebenza kanzima komphefumulo, egcwele ukudumala, izisulu. Uthola heroine we play Nina Zarechnaya, ngokulandela uhambo lwakhe ngokuqhubekayo futhi abe umdlali. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi izithombe zalolu msebenzi ngabantu bangempela, izivakashi zikaMekhokhovo, kanye nemigqa yendawo yokudlala ngezindlela eziningi ezihambisana nezifiso zabo.

Isikhathi se-Yalta sobuciko

Ngo-1898, ukugula kuka-classic kwanda, futhi yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela e-Yalta. Kwaze kwaba ngoNovemba 1899 (ngenkathi indlu yakhiwa) u-Anton Pavlovich waya eMoscow, lapho eqashe khona indawo yokuhlala. I-dacha eyakhiwe ine-drawback eyodwa ebalulekile yomuntu ogulayo: kubanda ebusika. Abakhi babeka ngokungalungile isitofu. Amarekhodi encwadini yomlobi abonisa ukuthi ebusika ehhovisi lakhe izinga lokushisa laliyi-11-12 degrees.

EYalta, umlobi wayengawuthandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha wahlushwa ukudla okujwayelekile okulima kweMekhokhovo. Icala lalibe ngcono uma uDade Maria Pavlovna efika ngezikhathi ezithile. Nokho, lokhu kwenzeke njalo.

Ama-classics aseYalta alotshiwe, ngokusho kwakhe, okubi nakakhulu kunaseMelekhovo. Ngomnyaka we-1901 wabhala umdlalo othi "Osithathu abathathu", izindaba "Lady with Dog", "Bishop". Ukubonakala kukaMekhokhov kwakha ngo-1903 umkhiqizo wokugcina we "injini yemiphefumulo yabantu" - umdlalo "I-Cherry Orchard". Ibonakala ngokubukwa kwekusasa laseRussia ngesimo sensimu yezithelo cherry.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila, lesi sifo sakhula. Umlobi washona ngoJulayi 2, 1904 edolobheni laseBenenweiler laseJalimane.

Isiphetho

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, izincwadi zikaChekhov ziye zangena ekuphileni kwethu. Lokhu kudalwa umlobi-umlobi, owathi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX wakwazi ukukhombisa ngokucacile abalingani bakhe imisebenzi yakhe ukuthi kufanele aphile ngokuhlukile. Wayengumphikisi onamandla wonke ukubandlululwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo inkosi ehlukile yegama. U-Anton Pavlovich wabiza impilo entsha, elimnandi futhi elihle, njengensimu yezithelo cherry.