Ukwahlukanisa udaba eziphilayo - ngesisekelo isifundo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic

Ungabona kanjani Ukwahlukaniswa izinto ezahlukene organic wezinto ngesikhathi ushintsho kusukela wezinto emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic. Izwe alinalutho ezihlukahlukene organic compounds kanye nenani elikhulu ezahlukeneyo zalo. Ukwahlukanisa izinto eziphilayo Asigcini ukuqonda le nsada, kodwa futhi uletha njalo ecacile yesayensi yokutadisha yabo.

Njengesisekelo ukusatshalaliswa of organic compounds abasemakilasini abakhethiwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali. isisekelo cwaningo Organic umsebenzi nesigaba ngobukhulu, othiwa eyinhloko izinto eziphilayo - hydrocarbon. Okunye abameleli ezweni engokwemvelo ziphathwa njengoba okunye. Ngempela, le Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi yabo akunzima ukubona ukuthi synthesize lezi izinto kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa esikhundleni (esikhundleni) sohlaka hydrocarbon futhi ama-athomu ngezinye izikhathi eziningana hydrogen kuzilinganiselo nezinye izakhi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi on wonke izindikimba ezizivelelayo.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto eziphilayo kuthathwe njengesisekelo hydrocarbon nokuningi ngenxa inkimbinkimbi isakhiwo sabo, futhi ingxenye hydrocarbon ingxenye enkulu kakhulu iningi organic compounds ezaziwayo. Kuze kube manje, wonke ezaziwa amakhemikhali, ezihlobene ezweni organic compounds ukuthi zisekelwe isibopho carbon-i-hydrogen, abe predominance abalulekile. Zonke ezinye izinto noma are okuncane, okuvumela wabayisa isigaba kilomlayo Ngokuvamile, engazinzile kangangokuthi kunzima ukusithola, ngisho esikhathini sethu.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto eziphilayo sokuhlukanisa ku ngamaqembu ahlukene futhi amakilasi ivumela ukukhetha isigaba ezimbili ezinkulu acyclic organic compounds eyindilinga. kakhulu igama yabo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bafinyelele esiphethweni mayelana uhlobo ukwakhiwa zishintshe. Esimweni sokuqala we hydrocarbon chain links, futhi yesibili - molecule indandatho.

compounds Acyclic kungaba branched futhi elakhiwa neketanga elula. Phakathi kwamagama yalezi izinto kungatholakala inkulumo ethi "okunamafutha, noma hydrocarbon aliphatic." Zingase nokukhawulela (ethane isobutane, ETHYL utshwala) noma unsaturated (ethylene, acetylene, isoprene), kuye ngokuthi uhlobo uxhumano kwezinye amayunithi carbon.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto eziphilayo okuqondene compounds eyindilinga, eminye ngokwahlukana kusho ngesikhathi iqembu yabo carbocyclic futhi heterocyclic hydrocarbon iqembu.

Carbocyclic "indandatho" sakhiwa kuphela ngama-athomu carbon. Kungenzeka alicyclic (ayegcwele kanye unsaturated), kanye ezinuka kamnandi carbocyclic. Zezakhi alicyclic kwenzeka nje ukuxhuma emaphethelweni womabili carbon uchungechunge, kodwa izakhiwo elimnandi kukhona okuthiwa benzene indandatho yabo esesikhundleni nomthelela ezindaweni zabo.

I izinto heterocyclic ungahlangana athomu ezinye izinto, avame kuba umsebenzi nitrogen.

Ngakusasa isici abamelwe esithinta izakhiwo izinto eziningi eziphilayo, kuba khona amaqembu sokusebenza.

Ukuze uthole hydrocarbon halogenated njengeqembu obusebenzayo angasebenza kuphela, futhi nakakhulu ama-athomu Halogen. Alcohols uthole izakhiwo zabo ngenxa gidroksogrupp khona. Ukuze aldehydes isici sici khona amaqembu aldehyde ukuze ketones - amaqembu carbonyl. acid Carboxylic zinezikhathi ngalolo aqukethe amaqembu carboxyl futhi ama banomphefumulo iqembu acid. Ukuze nitro compounds libhekene khona iqembu nitro.

I Tinhlobo hydrocarbon, kanye nezici zabo, esekelwe uhlobo oluhlukile inhlanganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka lungaba molecule elilodwa ezimbili noma ezifanayo ngaphezulu, ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene iqembu obusebenzayo nangokunquma izakhiwo ezithile ketshezi (aminoacetic acid, glycerol).

Nikeza ukubonakala kakhulu ukucabangela (Ukwahlukaniswa organic izinto) etafuleni, okuyinto kalula zingase zimiswe ngesisekelo ulwazi oluqukethwe umbhalo lesi sihloko.