Incazelo esibhakabhakeni. Imephu esibhakabhakeni

Incazelo esibhakabhakeni - umsebenzi esasisentshonalanga izingqondo ongqondongqondo abaningi kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando. Ukuhlanganisa izinkanyezi disparate izibalo, ukuqonda logic of ukunyakaza yokukhanya kwakudingekile ukuba orientation emkhakheni, futhi ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo zefilosofi, echaza imithetho kanye nokwakheka kwendawo yonke.

Ukuhlanganisa izinkanyezi

Ubuchopho bomuntu yakhelwe ukuze yiziphi izinto ngezikhathi basakaza uzama ukuqonda logic ngemuva amachashazi ehlakazekele unconnected ukubona ngalé ajwayelekile. esibhakabhakeni ngaphandle kumephu yalesi impahla kwakuyodingeka neze ladalwa. Abantu kusukela ukuvela yezimpucuko wokuqala umxhwele ucabangela esibhakabhakeni ebusuku futhi wabona kuso ngendlela evamile: onkulunkulu, namaqhawe, izinto. Ngakho uvele nemilaza kuqala. Kwakumelwe inyunyana izinkanyezi angomakhelwane indlela ethile yokuma. Constellation lula ngekhanda izinkanyiso indawo futhi ngenxa yalokho, le kwesibuko sezwe ukuzisebenzisa.

Ekuqaleni, incazelo Sky kwaba iqoqo nemilaza ngokuvamile kuyenzeka ihlangane. Izingxenye zomhlaba wayekwazi ngqo izibalo ezimbili zasezulwini, nezindawo ahlukene wasala: ngenxa inombolo encane izinkanyezi kuleyo nsimu kungukuthi awananyatheliswe imilaza.

ukwakhiwa

Incazelo kwesibhakabhaka ngesimo amabalazwe ezibonisa nemilaza bavela okokuqala BC II leminyaka. e. Hipparchus WaseNicea wamenza omunye komkhulu we izazi zezinkanyezi ngesiGreki. ibalazwe lakhe kwesibhakabhaka iqukethe ezinkanyezi angu-48 futhi kulekelelwa ibhuku 850 izinkanyezi. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ngo-BC II leminyaka. e., ukuthi uhlu eyayihambisana lukaPtolemy. umsebenzi yakhe edumile ethi "Almagest" kakade equkethwe izinkanyiso 1022, ihlukaniswe okufanayo ezinkanyezi angu-48.

Adalberto isikhathi eside, kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII, umsebenzi uPtolemy, okungenani astronomy European bekulokhu oluyinhloko, nakuba phakathi nayo yonke lenkathi, ukuthi uhlu eyayihambisana Amaqoqo amasha ezinkanyezi. Isithombe Celestial sekukhona ikakhulu kulezo zindawo kwesibhakabhaka ayengenawo ukuqapha lukaPtolemy. Esikhathini XVII ekhulwini Yan Gevely, usosayensi Polish, uye wanda uhlu izinkanyezi kuze 1533 futhi wadala inkanyezi yakhe Atlas adumile "Uranographia" nge izithombe amahle. Wabuye wanezela Amaqoqo amasha ezinkanyezi atholakala ambalwa.

IAU General Assembly

Nokho, incazelo kwesibhakabhaka eyenziwe Hevelius, wayengafani yesimanje. izici ajwayelekile kwathiwa kuphela uthenge ngo-1922, lapho ngahlangana General Assembly of International Astronomical Union (IAU). Yena evunyiwe uhlu 88 ezinkanyezi, esisetshenziselwa namuhla. Futhi washintsha kakhulu le lisho ukuthini igama elithi "umlaza". Namuhla, akukho kuqondwe inombolo ethile izinkanyezi ezakha iphethini elithile, kodwa projection kwesibhakabhaka nazo zonke izinto cosmic ezibekwe phezu kwawo. Imingcele lemikhakha iye yashintshwa abanye bagcina evunyiwe 1935.

amagama

Incazelo isibhakabhaka ebusuku angeke kwenziwe ngaphandle kolwazi lwamagama enikezwa nemilaza kanye izinkanyiso ngabanye. Ngo umkhuba ngamazwe, wasebenzisa amagama Latin izithombe yasezulwini. Lokhu kuvumela ososayensi ukuqonda nomunye emazweni ahlukahlukene. Nokho, izincwadi nezincwadi ezidumile ngokufundwa kwezinkanyezi nomkhathi ezizweni zonke zikhona Ukudluliselwa ezenziwe netinkhomba ngolimi lwendabuko. ngokuvamile okulingana ocacile kunzima ukukhetha. Ngoba, isibonelo, izincwadi zethu eminyakeni ezahlukene lapho Coma futhi Coma Berenice, Canes izinja greyhounds nokunye.

Ngokuphathelene ekubizweni izinkanyezi, bhá babo amagama abo siqu, ikakhulukazi Lokudabuka Arab. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke ukukhanya has futhi notation ngokwesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngekhulu XVI, enza basa ukumaka sibalo ethize yasezulwini izinhlamvu ngesiGreki zamagama ngokuvumelana-alpha yabo ukugqama - umholi kuleli ipharamitha, beta sesibili nokunye.

ama- ezimbili

Iphanorama yasezulwini iyafana Umhlaba has yenkabazwe salo, esiwulwazi uhlukanisa kwawo izingxenye ezimbili. Isibhakabhaka yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe ihlukile kune kwesigaba aseningizimu sphere: lapha kukhona enye inkanyezi. Emgqeni yenkabazwe yasezulwini ezibekwe ezinkanyezi, ngokuthi enkabazwe. Basuke zihlukaniswa yokuthi ziyatholakala ukuqapha cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni.

Esibhakabhakeni yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe esikhundleni esikhethekile ku-Little Dipper. Idume umlaza yayo encane iphuzu bhá - iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho okuyinto njalo ithatha endaweni efanayo ngokungafani kuya kweminye imizimba. Ikhombisa isiqondiso enyakatho. Ngo eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, elikhanyayo ukuze "eqandisiwe" akukho izinkanyezi. Indima pointer esigxotsheni kudlala umlaza we-Southern Cross.

Zodiac

incazelo esibhakabhakeni kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye Ukukhuluma ezinkanyezi ngokusebenzisa oludlula indlela okusobala amaplanethi, nenyanga ilanga. Kumayelana zezinkanyezi. ngqó, impendulo ingu-ke kuhlanganisa ngeke bashiywe ngaphandle abangaphumelelanga ku 12 no-13 imilaza. "Ezingeziwe" Umdwebo wasezulwini - kuyinto Ophiuchus, okuyinto sidlula maphakathi ilanga kusukela ngomhlaka 30 Novemba kuya 17 Disemba. Ngokuthakazelisayo, zezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni sisonke kakhulu ayifani yokutholwa kwezinkanyezi. Umehluko nje "ezingadingekile" iKhima, kodwa futhi nesikhathi entry Sun ku ngamunye izibalo yasezulwini, kanye isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, e umlaza Scorpius inkanyezi yethu ukuhlala kuphela ngesonto kusuka 23 kuya 29 Novemba.

ezingabonakali

Nokho, izinkanyezi bright, amaplanethi eduze, kanye ilanga nenyanga akuzona konke kungabonakala esibhakabhakeni. Uma kukhona kungenzeka abe isibukeli isibonakude anda kakhulu, futhi maningi amathuba okuthi ukubona amaqoqo izinkanyezi mafu kwamaplanethi. Yiqiniso, isithombe kude hhayi sibheke lokhu efanayo izithombe edumile "Hubble", kodwa namanje kuwufanele.

Nokho, ngisho ngaphandle imishini ekhethekile, ungazama ukubona ezikude umthala ongumakhelwane. I-Andromeda Galaxy iyatholakala ubufakazi Nenkabazwe kanye Magellanic amafu, ezinkulu nezincane - eNingizimu.

Ebusuku isibhakabhaka usimema kukhanye izinkanyezi, izimfihlakalo cosmic kanye izimfihlo endaweni yonke. Emzamweni ukuxazulula abantu babo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wazama ukudambisa isitoreji indawo izinkanyiso, okuyinto bamunye kwezibalo wasezulwini kanye namabalazwe. Njengoba kwanda ulwazi kanye nokwenza ngcono imishini yamuva elicwengisiswe kuphela, sathola umshini isakhiwo uhlukile. Incazelo samanje esibhakabhakeni kunzima kakhulu futhi ngokunembile yokuthi kwaba esikhathini uPtolemy, kodwa singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, izingane uzoqala ukufunda zilandise amashadi inkanyezi kwesibhakabhaka Ngenhla kwekhanda lakhe yokusesha kwe-izibalo yasezulwini lasendulo, wazichaza ngesiGreki ngokuhlakanipha.