Ulimi Catalan - izici. Lapho bakhuluma isi-Catalan

Catalan kungokwalabo oksitano-Romance elincane umndeni Indo-European. Yisimo e ubukhulu of Andorra. Inani labantu abakhuluma isi-Catalan, cishe abayizigidi ezingu-11. Ngokuvamile, lolu limi ungezwakala ensimini Autonomous Imiphakathi eSpain (Balearic Islands futhi Valencia), Italy (Alghero, esemgwaqweni esiqhingini Sardinia) neFrance (Pyrénées-Orientales).

Imininingwane kawonkewonke kanye nencazelo emfushane

Ekhulwini XVIII ke ayenamagama eziningi Catalan ngokuqondene nalokho isetshenzisiwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Kuze kube namuhla, walondoloza matemu amabili ngaphezulu elisho lolu limi - Catalano-Valencian-Balearic (isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko nezincwadi zesayensi) kanye Valencian. Inketho yokugcina isetshenziswa abantu kuphela abahlala emphakathini engaziwa Valencia (ingxenye Spain). Kukhona isihloko ezingavamile "Mallorquina", okuyinto esetshenziswa ezimweni ezikhululekile (Balearic Islands, uMbuso Majorca).

Catalan wathatha indawo ehloniphekayo lesithupha eqenjini Romance ngenombolo izikhulumi (hhayi abantu esingaphansi 11.6 million). It ngaphambi iSpanishi, isiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi, isiPutukezi kanye Romanian. Catalan ivuliwe endaweni 14 e-European Union ngokuvumelana ukuhlanzeka ukusetshenziswa enkulumweni yansuku zonke.

Ukuze ngokubhala isetshenziswa ingashintshwa Latin: isibonelo, inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu -ny-, -L ∙ l-, -ig, ezingalotshwanga ngiyithole kwenye indawo. izici Isici ulimi ezihlobene amafonethiki neluhlelo mayelana nenani onkamisa (e-Romance iqembu eziyisikhombisa, Catalan - eyisishiyagalombili) futhi ukusetshenziswa sihloko ekhethekile ngaphambi amagama.

Ngo-January 2009, irekhodi ukuze Monologue ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni (124 amahora yokukhuluma okuqhubekayo) ifakiwe. Ngokuvamile liphinyiselwe Catalan. irekhodi lalibhalwe perpinyanets Lewis Kulet.

Umlando ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa

Kukholakala ukuthi ulimi Catalan waqala ukuthatha ukuma emuva X leminyaka njengoba ezikhumbuzo bokuqala ngalokho usebenzisa isixhumanisi "Ukufundisa igunya" lwesigodi, okuyinto atholakele idethi yangaphambili esuka kuleli khulu leminyaka. Yasungulwa ngesisekelo oluyinhlamba Latin engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Ngo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso Catalan ehlonishwayo futhi lalivame kusetjentiswa izincwadi (ngakho Ngikhetha ukubhala Occitan), ifilosofi ngisho isayensi.

Kusukela XIII leminyaka, ulimi lwesigodi kancane kancane eqinisa isikhundla yayo ukuze ube ulimi ezimele. Nakuba uRamon Lully nokusetshenziswa Catalan idale imisebenzi phezu izindikimba zenkolo, zefilosofi futhi kwezobuciko. Inkathi yokuchuma Ngiqinisile kulimi baba ngekhulu xv. I consummate kakhulu futhi elikhanyayo master ongomunye wokuqala ukusebenzisa lolu limi izinkondlo, baba Auzias Mark. Mkhulu temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Yiqiniso, kungokwalabo inoveli "White Tyrant" futhi "Curia futhi Guelph," ungumbhali owawungumnyaka Zhuanot Martorell.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, ulimi Catalan ilahlekelwe enkazimulweni yayo yangaphambili. Isizathu salokhu kwaba kwezicukuthwane nezombusazwe, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa Castilia (igama asendulo Spanish). Ngenxa abantu abavamile kanye nabefundisi, waqhubeka ebasebenzisa Catalan ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke, ulimi akubi efile.

Ngemva kulwiwa ka 1936-1939. nokunqoba Franco sika okwakwenqatshelwe ukusetshenziswa lwesigodi lulwimi lolukhulunywako kanye nelulwimi lolubhalwako. ESpain, ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ngisho umthetho owawuthi umuntu usebenzisa Catalan, ngaphansi isijeziso lobugebengu. Kucala kwentsandvo yelinyenti kuleli zwe zaholela kuya autonomization kwezinye izifunda, ukuze ulimi waphinda waba isimo.

isipelingi

Catalan ngokubhala uhlelo isebenzisa zamagama Latin nge izimpawu diacritical. Phakathi izici zalesi ukupela lwabelwe kanje:

• zisebenzisa Interpoint phakathi kabili uhlamvu l: Inthanethi • ligent - lobuqili;
• ukusetshenziswa inhlanganisela -ig-, okhombisa uzwakale [ʧ] ngamagama ezifana maig, faig njll.;
• usebenzise izinhlamvu t, okuyinto lisho olandelayo enwetshiwe ungwaqa tl, tll, tn futhi tm: setmana - ngesonto, bitllet - ithikithi;
• elihlangana TZ, ts, TJ, TG lasetshenziswa ukuze kubhekiselwe endaweni affricates.

izici Isici onkamisa

Omunye izici lolu hlobo imisindo - lokhu ukunyamalala onkamisa ekupheleni namagama avela kwezinye Latin ngaphandle s incwadi. Lesi sici ngokuyinhloko zihlukaniswa ulimi Catalan Italo namaRoma Western iqeqebana Yase-Iberia. Ulimi yalezi subfamilies bagodla wonke onkamisa sokugcina. Catalan futhi Occitan ukwabelana linani lemagama monosyllabic futhi diphthongs eziningi. Umehluko phakathi ngenhla izilimi ezimbili kuyinto wokwehla diphthong AU ukuvula O. umsindo

Catalan lihlukile yokubiza waseSpain kulondolozwe evulekile onkamisa iDemo wagcizelela Latin imvelaphi kanye o E. inhlanganisela -ACT izinhlamvu phakathi amazwi asitholayo ukunciphisa bese ephenduka ibe -et. Lesi sici ezivamile yolimi Catalan naseWestern Romance (Occitan futhi Languedoc lwesigodi).

Izici ongwaqa

Lolu hlobo umsindo libhekene ushintsho -t abayizithulu, -C, -P enkeneneza -d-, -g-, -B. Lesi sici ihlanganisa ne-Catalan Romanesque entshonalanga subfamily. C. Gallo-Romanic iqembu ulimi esihlanganisa ukulondolozwa FL imisindo kokuqala, PL, CL, ushintsho ongwaqa bengakhulumi ohambelana uzwakalise uma igama elilandelayo uqala lizwakalise unkamisa emagama abe ngemalunga noma. Inqubo Drop -n intervocalic, okufana Latin inhlamba futhi emangalisa yokugcina ihlanganisa ungwaqa ne-Catalan futhi Occitan languedocien lwesigodi.

• Cabangela izici yasekuqaleni engatholakali ngezilimi Romance:
• Latin umsindo ungwaqa iba -U -D;
• -TIS ekupheleni ingena -U (kuphela umuntu wesibili plural);
• Latin inhlanganisela ezilinganiselwe imisindo -C + e, i → -U (abangu. CRUCEM → creu).

zinhlobo

Ngezinye izikhathi ezihlukahlukene ensimini ka kulezo zindawo lapho abantu bekhuluma Catalan, ngenxa yethonya lakhe, kunemixhantela yazo ehlukahlukene. Cabanga ezibaluleke kakhulu, kanye nendawo nesenzakalo:

• ulimi Sicilia eningizimu ye-Italy;
• lwesigodi patuet, okuyinto kuze kube nengxenye kwekhulu elidlule yesibili wakhuluma abokufika, futhi kamuva - inzalo yabo kusukela eNingizimu Valencia, Menorca. Njengoba yolimi, sesiye ngesisekelo amagama Arab futhi French;

• kumiswa panotcho lwesigodi (Autonomous Community of Murcia) kuthonywa Catalan. Izwe Lokudabuka - Spain;
• ulimi Sicilia, Southern Italy;
• churros lwesigodi, izindawo abakhuluma iSpanishi zensimu Autonomous Community Valencia;
• ulimi Neapolitan, izwe - Italy.