UMbusi uVespasian: Biography kanye nokubusa

Owokuqala eRoma akayena onenamankulu hhayi indodana yenenamankulu, noma umzukulu wakhe - uTito Flavius Vespasian, umbusi ovela emndenini womlimi, waqala ukubusa kusukela ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, engamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Nguye owafaka intela ephakeme kakhulu yokuvakashela izindlu zangasese zomphakathi, bese kuthi, ngezinyosi ezidabukisayo ezenzweni zezinzalamizi, wanikeza inkulumo eyasinda ezinsukwini zethu: "Ayikho i-olet!" (Imali ayitholakali!). " UVespasian umbusi wayedumile, akulona nje lokhu. Nguye owakhe iColosseum nezinye izakhiwo eziningi ezidumile. Kodwa bakhumbula ngesizathu esithile into yokuqala mayelana nale ntela engalungile. Wayengeyena kuphela owethulwa, ngendlela. Ngaphandle kwezindlu zangasese, inkonzo yezempi kanye nobulungiswa yayingaphansi kwentela. UVespasian - umbusi ukhuthele kakhulu, cishe wacasula ngokuphelele uhlelo lwezimali lweRoma ngokulandelana.

Indlela

U-Emperor Vespasian waseRoma ozayo wazalwa ngoNovemba ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye kusukela ekuzalweni kukaKristu edolobheni laseReate, lapho uSabins ayehlala khona, futhi umkhaya wakhe wonke wawuvela lapho. E-Senate wakwazi ukungena ngaphansi kokubusa kukaTiberius njengomphathi omuhle: wazihlukanisa ngokunqoba iSouth Britain, eyala i-Rhine legion. Ngo-51 isinyathelo esilandelayo sithathwa amandla: uVespasian, umbusi oseduze, uba ngu-consul. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, waphinde wazihlukanisa lapho uNero emyala ukuba aphephe ukuvukela kwamaJuda. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, zonke izifundazwe ezifundazweni ezisempumalanga zazimemezela: "UTito Flavius Vespasian - uMbusi!". Ngaphandle kwempumalanga yeVespasian, amabutho aseDanube abuye phambili, okusiza kakhulu ekulwa nomunye umphikisi - Vitellia. I-Senate yayingekho enye into engayenza, futhi ngo-69, wayibona iVespasian.

Uhlobo luni lombuso oluya endodaneni yomlimi? Izimpi zesikhathi eside, kuhlanganise nezimpi zomphakathi, zabhubhisa konke okungenzeka kuyo yonke indawo yaleli zwe elibusisiwe. Kwakudingeka ukufuna izimali zokubuyiselwa kwayo. Ngakho kwakukhona intela ehlukahlukene entsha, futhi phakathi kwabo - leyo eyaba yikhulumi ngokushesha edolobheni. UThithu Flavius Vespasian unguMbusi, njalo ehambisana nezikhathi, njalo njalo phambi kwezinyathelo ezimbalwa. Ukwakhiwa kweSenate kushintshile. Isikhathi sokuqala emaqenjini alo kwavela abameli be-aristocracy kamasipala, hhayi kuphela eRoma, kodwa nasezifundazweni ezisentshonalanga, nase-Italy (kwakungakafiki izwe elilodwa - kulabo okuzobonakala sengathi lolu hlu luyinqaba). Emadolobheni aseSpain umbusi waseRoma uVespasian wanikezela amalungelo afanayo njengamabandla aseLatin. Futhi kangangokuthi abazange baphazamise nomsebenzi wabo, ngo-1974 impuphu engcolile yaxosha bonke abaphikisana nabo ngamafilosofi aseStoiki namanye ama-lyricists.

IzEnzo

Hlela yedwa, umbuso omkhulu futhi uzuze lokhu kuphumelela okubonakalayo akunakwenzeka, futhi umbusi uFlavius Vespasian wakhanga ukuphathwa kwengane yakhe ehlakaniphile nephumelelayo uTito. KwakunguThithu ophumelele ukunqoba iMpi yamaJuda eminyakeni yawo-70 , futhi baphinde banqothula ukuvukela kukaYilu Tsivilis. Ngenxa yombusi wakhe uFlavius Vespasian wayenomhawu. Uhlelo lwezezimali luye lwaqondisa, amasimu amasha akhule. Ngonyaka we-74, yonke inqubo yakhe yayiqondiswe ekuthunjweni kwezinsimu zeDekuat (kwakukhona umbono lapho iTacitus ishintshiwe ngokungalungile, ukuthi lawa mazwe ahambisana neshumi, kodwa cha, kwakuwukuphela kokuhlala kwensimu ethile), okungukuthi, inqwaba yomhlaba ohlala endaweni yaseJalimane yanamuhla, Ngaleso sikhathi kakade uhlala amaRoma.

Yilapho lapho umbuso wanikela khona izindlu zamahhala kumaqhawe aseRoma, kanye nabantu baseGaul ababezihlukanisa empini. Kuze kube manje, imingcele yalezi zindawo ilandelwe, ibonakaliswe yizintambo eziningi nezindawo ezihamba phambili ezahlukanisa lezi zinto, ngokusobala, hhayi omakhelwane abajabule kakhulu bamaJalimane abakhulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu noma ngaphezulu, amaRoma ayesalahlekelwa la masimu. Ukubusa kweRoma kwasandula enyakatho yeBrithani, okubonisa nokuthi ubuntu obunamandla uVespasian-umbusi. Ukubusa kwawo cishe minyaka yonke kwabekwa uphawu olukhulu futhi oluwusizo lwezenzo zezwe. Futhi yiziphi izindlela uVespasian azakha eMbusweni WaseRoma! Isici "sokudala" lapha asihambisani. Imigwaqo isasebenza! Ulawula ngokucophelela kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngamandla kakhulu. Ubukhosi be-Flavian buqala kahle: umsunguli wayo waba umbusi ovelele kakhulu wezinhloko zokuqala, ngaphandle kuka-Augustus.

UVespasian, uMbusi

I-biography yayo emfushane ayifundisi, ngoba ngeke ikwazi ukufaka izinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane zemisebenzi emangalisayo kanye nezinzuzo ezaletha umbuso kaVespasian. Mayelana namandla amakhulu amakhulu akhe angasitshela isithombe esiqoshiwe, esilondolozwe eMusamon Museum. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko kunomfanekiso - isikhumbuzo esithombeni. Umbusi uVespasian ubonakala ngisho nakuzo zonke ubukhulu bakhe. I-biography kaVespasian yayibhalwe ngokumangalisayo nguSuetonius. Izitshalo (abathelisi) eNtabeni yeSenate kanye nesihlalo sobukhosi se-Imperial - lokhu kuphela kwenza indaba kaVespasian yendaba yokuphila ibe indaba ethakazelisayo. Abasenenja nabo baba ngumalume wombusi wesikhathi esizayo ngomama nomfowabo kaVespasian Sabin. Kakade eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu, uVespasian waphumelela ukuba abe ngumbusi, wabe eseqala ukuhamba ngokushesha: UNgqongqoshe uClaudius Narcissus wayakwazisa i-acumen yebhizinisi lakhe.

EBrithani, umphathi we-legion wathola inqwaba yokunqoba futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo abapristi ababili. Ngo-51 u-Vespasian wanikezwa i-consulate, kusukela ngo-63 yena engumbusi wase-Afrika. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, amaRoma ahlaselwa ngokuthembeka kwakhe: kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi uVespasian ngokwakhe azithuthukise ngokwakhe, esebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esiphezulu. Kodwa wayekwazi! Kwakukhona amathuba amanga. Noma kunjalo, izikhathi ezimbalwa umfowabo wamsindisa ekuqothulweni, ebeka izwe lakhe nendlu. UVespasian wayeyindawo eseduze nendawo ka- Emperor Nero, ngesikhathi esebenza ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuthuthela e-Akaya ngesikhathi sokucula. Njengoba wazi, ngenxa yecala elinjalo ungalahlekelwa yimpilo yakho. Kodwa ngemva konyaka, u-Nero wavuma futhi wamisa uVespasian njengombusi waseJudiya.

Izinkathazo

Futhi eJudiya kwakukhona impi, njengoba yayibizwa ngamaJuda ngokwabo - iRoma yokuqala. UVespasian wahola ibutho lakhe elimangalisayo ukuvimbela lokhu kuvuswa nokungaphansi konyaka owodwa, ukuthumela eRoma kwabuyiselwa kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Kwasala ukudiliza iJerusalema nezinqaba eziningana. Futhi izindaba zokuzibulala kukaNero zafika eJudiya. UClever Vespasian wama ukudubula iJerusalema, lapho kufika umbiko wokuthi isihlalo sobukhosi saseRoma sanikwa uGalba. Phakathi nokusebenza kwezempi, waxoxa kakhulu nombusi waseSiriya uGaius Luciani Mutsian, futhi ingxoxo yayingavamile ukuba nobungane. AmaMutsia awakhathaza kakhulu uNero ngoba "u-Vespasian" ophakeme "wenyuka" wathola isikhundla esiphakeme njengombusi waseJudiya. Kodwa-ke, uVespasian wayengumuntu onomusa kakhulu, futhi emva kokufa kukaNero, uMutsian ukhohlile lezi zihlamba ngokushesha lapho bexoxisana ngesimo sezombusazwe ngokuhlanganyela.

Futhi lapho, kusukela ku-69 kuya phambili, ukubulala kwabantu baseRoma kwaqala (kuqala uGalba, u-Oton wafa, futhi wathokoza ukunqoba kukaViellius), abangane abesanda kuqanjwa baqala ukwenza okuthile: bacela ukwesekwa komunye umuntu owaphuma eGibhithe. UTiberius Julius Alexander wayengenakubiza isihlalo sobukhosi ngoba wayengesiyena senenamankulu, kodwa umJuda ohlubukayo, kanti uMutsika wayengenakuba umbusi ngoba wayengenamadodana ekusungulweni kobukhosi. Ukuhlakanipha okukhulu kwakunguVespasian uMbusi. Ukuphila kwakhe kwakulungiswa: UThithu noDominitian base bevele bezalwa futhi bekhulile. Wayengumengameli kanye ne-consul. Futhi bonke abaphathi abathathu bavumelana ukuthi iVespasian yayiyindawo yokuhlala egcwele isihlalo sobukhosi saseRoma. Ekuqaleni wafungiswa ngamabutho aseGibhithe, ngaleso sikhathi ngamabutho amabili aseSiriya noJuda.

Abahlaseli

Benza ngesiteleka esicatshangelwe ngokucophelela: UMutsila uqhubeka nomkhankaso wokulwa ne-Italy, futhi uVespasian uhlala egciniwe futhi elawula ukunikezwa okusanhlamvu eGibhithe. Kodwa-ke, zonke izinhlelo ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwazo zihambisana nokulungiswa. Ku-Vespasian umGully Marc Anthony Prim, owahola amabutho aseDanubian, okwenziwe ngokungalindelekile. Waya e-Italy ngokushesha kukaMutzián, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba aqalise izinhlelo eziningi, ngakho-ke ngaphandle kwemigomo wanqoba ibutho le-Vitellius, wabe esegijimela eRoma. Lapho, ukumelana kwakubi kakhulu. Iningi lomndeni kaVespasian ngalesi sikhathi laseRoma. Umphathi wesigodi uSabin wazama ukuphoqelela u-Vitellia ukuba athathe isikhundla sakhe. Wazenza ngeze.

UMbusi Wase-Vespasian ozayo, owayengakaze aqale ukubusa, walahlekelwa ngumfowabo ngesikhathi emzabalazweni wempi. Wabulawa ngqo eKapitol Hill. Kodwa uWitellius ngokwakhe wabulawa masinyane - futhi ngobuhlungu obukhulu, umuntu kufanele avume. Ngakusasa, ukungena eRoma empini kaMarc Antony Prima kwaba khona, emva kwalokho i-senate yaphoqeleka ukuba imemezele ukuthi uVespasian wayengumbusi. AmaMutsiya asheshe asheshe, kodwa weza eRoma kuphela ekupheleni kokucindezelwa. Walahla kakhulu u-Prima, owayebizwa ngokuthi unonya futhi wamgxeka ngokungathí sina ngenxa yentando yakhe. U-Prim wacasulwa, wakhononda kuVespasian. Wathatha leli qhawe ngezo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlonipha, kodwa wayesethumela kamuva eTolosa yakhe yasekhaya - ekuthunjweni.

Ukuqala kukahulumeni

Noma kunjalo, nomusa wakwaMutsianu wawungeyona into ephawulekayo. Kunoma ikuphi, ngokushesha wabhekana nabaphikisi abaphikisayo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wamnakekela ngazo zonke izindlela ngokusindiswa ngokuyisimangaliso ekufeni kukaDominiti - indodana encane kunazo zonke zeVespasian. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, indodana yakhe endala, uTito, waqala ukuhlasela eJerusalema futhi waphumelela. Ngenhlonipho yakhe ikhishwe inhlamvu edumile - i-Ivdaea Capta. UMutsian wabuyela umbusi uVespasian wanikeza izibonakaliso zokunqoba, kodwa hhayi ingxenye encane yamandla angempela awazange anike, nakuba bonke abasele kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe iminyaka eyisithupha, uMitian wayengumeluleki omkhulu wenkosi.

Izwe laphumelela: zonke izimpi zombango zase ziphelile, iThempeli Lokuthula elihle kakhulu (elibekwe yiPliny kuya kwi-Wonders of the World) livukile esithangamini esisha. U-Emperor wayebheka umbono wabantu futhi wakwazi ukuziqondisa. Mhlawumbe, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yena ngokwakhe wayevela kubantu. Noma kunjalo, ibutho lisasebenza njengengxenye eyinhloko yesakhiwo: ukuvukela kwamaJuda kwasuswa, enyakatho amaGauls namaJalimane avukelayo aqinisekiswa. U-Vespasian umbusi wayedume ngokuhlanganiswa kwakhe okumangalisayo kwezici zobuntu bakhe. Isibonelo, siphumelele ngokuhlukumezeka nokucabangela. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, wayengenakonakala.

Izwe

Ukuqapha ngokwezezimali kwakungaphezulu kunanini ngaphambili okuwusizo kuVespasian. Wathola ifa lombuso, wabhidliza izimpi nezimpikiswano. Sasidinga izimali zemali, futhi kwakudingeka zikhishwe ngezindlela ezingavamile, ngisho nezingafundiwe. Umbusi waseRoma uVespasian, owafaka intela, akazange ahlose ukucindezela abantu bakhe ngokuphambene, ngokuphambene, wayebuka njalo ukuthi izifundazwe ngeke zibhubhise. Kodwa-ke, intela entsha inyuke ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenombolo, futhi ukuzama ukuyigwema kwakunqotshwa ngokuqinile. Zonke lezi zinyathelo zaseRoma zazizwakala, u-Emperor waphawula ngokuqondile. Nokho, wayazi ukuthi wayenzani, futhi konke kwahamba ngokushesha futhi kuphumelela ngokugcwele. Lapho iThempeli Lokuthula selikulungele, uVespasian waqala ukwakhiwa kweColosseum, futhi futhi izimali ezinkulu kakhulu zafika ekuvulekeni kwemitapo yezincwadi zesiLatin nesiGreki.

Futhi amandla kaVespasian asemasosha ayekhulu kakhulu: ama-legionari angaphezu kuka-20 amncenga umhlukumezi. Inqubomgomo yangaphandle ka-Emperor Vespasian yukuthi wathatha ukuzimela emazweni nasemadolobheni mahhala. Ngakho kwaba izifundazwe zaseRoma zaseByzantium, iSamos, iRhodes, i-Vespasian eneziqhingi namazwe amaningi ase-Asia ahlangene - u-Emesu, u-Commagena, i-Little Armenia, eCilicia. Izimpi zaqhubeka nezizwe zasemngceleni (eCaucasus - Armenia, esiseduze - i-Parthia), izizwe zaseMesopotamiya nehlane laseSiriya zazikhathazeka. Wabheka ibhizinisi eliyinhloko likahulumeni wakhe ukuthi liqiniswe uhulumeni ophakathi: kuvuselelwe ukucwaninga, kwalawula i-senate. Ngenxa yalokho, umbuso usuvele ucabanga ngokuyinhloko, uma uhlala kuwo ukwazi, kepha izwe liye lathuthukisa uhulumeni, futhi ukubaluleka kwe-Italy kuye kwanda kakhulu. Inombolo yezifundazwe iye yanda.

Izifundazwe

Kulawulo lukahulumeni, i-Italy yayisabusa, kodwa izifundazwe ngamunye wazithola "amalungelo" esiLatini futhi ngokushesha wathola ithonya phezu kwengqalasizinda yombuso. UVespasian waqonda kahle izinkinga zabo futhi wabasiza ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze baxazulule. Ububanzi bokucabanga kwakhe kwakukhulu. Umlando wamaRoma, ngenxa yokuguqulwa okwenziwa nguMbusi Vespasian, kuye kwashintsha njalo. Eminyakeni eyishumi yokubusa kwakhe, sekuphelile ukuba kube ngumlando wezigodlo zamakhosi, seluvele uthatha umphakathi ophucukile wezizwe ezahlukene.

UVespasian wasebenza nsuku zonke futhi okuningi, kuphela kusihlwa avumela ukuhamba. Wabuye wagcina isihlalo sakhe futhi wasichitha nenkosikazi yakhe, - konke kwakunesikhathi. Ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, wavuka futhi wafunda i-imeyili ngemisebe yokuqala yelanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphila kwakhe kwahlukaniswa nomphakathi kwaphela. Ngisho nokugqoka, wamukela izivakashi, waxhumana nabangane. Ingxenye ebalulekile yosuku yayizinikele ekugwebeni. Ukufinyeleleka kwakhe siqu kwaba ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, ngenxa yalokhu, ngisho nezinyathelo zokuphepha zazinakekelwa kahle. Nokho, imizamo yokuphila kombusi yayigwenywe. UVespasian ngokwakhe wathatha umkhuhlane wafa ngo-79, ngaphandle kokumangala ngisho nalokhu.

Amahlaya eceleni

USuetonius uchaza uVespasian njengendoda enamandla kakhulu futhi enempilo kakhulu. Wayehlose ukuqinisa impilo ngendlela ehlelekile. Ukuzijabulisa kwakhe kwakungeyona i-patrician, kodwa okuvamile, abaningi babonakala bengenangqondo, njengenhlamvu eyayikunikezela ukudubula indodana endala eyamsola ngokuletha intela entsha. "Ingqikithi ayitholakali?" Kodwa kuyomele iphunga njengomchamo. " Futhi isiphetho: "Imali ayiphunga!". Abantu, njengoba sibona, bathande lo mqondo wokuhlekisa, futhi le nhlaya, kanye nabanye abaningi, izothandwa njalo njalo - kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi.

Futhi uma uhlaziya ngokujulile imisebenzi yabaphathi bamaRoma, kuvele kucace ukuthi lapho kufika uVespasian umbuso wayazi iminyaka yobudala. Bamlandela, ababusi kanye nabantu abalungile bavuka esihlalweni sobukhosi. Babehlukile ngendlela efanayo nomuntu owandulela phambili, oqinile, imikhuba elula (ngokuvamile evamile), ingqondo ebonakalayo ecacile. Into eyinhloko ukuthi ukulimaza nokuqothulwa ukuthi abandulele babezihlazola kuwo wonke umhlaba futhi yonke iminyaka yaqala ukunyamalala. KwakuyiVespasian kakhulu esheshayo ukuqhubeka, wayeka isimemezelo konke nakho konke eRoma, ukulahlwa, wakhansela izihloko ngokuhlambalaza kukaKhesari. Wathuthukisa futhi waphuthukisa imithetho yomphakathi.

Iziphetho

Nakuba abantu abahlala ngesikhathi behleka ukukhathazeka kukaVespasian, kodwa wanikwa ubulungisa ngenxa yalokho, ngoba yonke imali etholakala emithethweni yahamba kuphela ezintweni eziwusizo. Izikhali zaseRoma zanqoba, futhi zaziqhakazile. Kukhona izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zobukhulu obukhulu futhi obuhle, ubuhle obungunaphakade. Imigwaqo yempi yafakwa, okuyinto amadwala aphukile futhi izintaba zicutshiwe, amabhuloho ahamba phambili emifuleni emikhulu yakhiwa futhi ngaphansi kweVespasian.

Izinkulungwane zamabhodi ezethusi ezinemithetho yeSenate zancibilika emlilweni weCapitol. UVespasian wakha iKapitol kangcono kunangaphambili, futhi wabuyisela amabhodi, efuna uhlu lwemithetho, ngisho nabantu abazimele. Imigwaqo yakhiwa lapho lapho umlilo kuNero wabhubhisa ingxenye enkulu yaseRoma. Ngisho nemikholomu, eyaqala ukwakha uKlawudiyu owedlula, yaletha ukulungele kukaVespasian - umbusi waseRoma. Ngalo, ama-aqueducts aseRoma ayanda futhi athuthukiswa. Izakhiwo zomphakathi ezakha iforamu yeVespasian zazihlotshiswe ngemisebenzi emangalisayo yezithombe zamaGrisi kanye nemidwebo. Ilabhulali yomphakathi yavulwa. Kodwa ukunethezeka ngokweqile kusuka enkantolo yombuso kwakususwa masinyane naphakade.