Kumiswa, Isayensi
UMklomelo KaNobel e Physics: uhlu. zesayensi Russian - uMklomelo KaNobel
UMklomelo KaNobel waklonyeliswa ngokokuqala ngo-1901. Kusukela ekuqaleni Commission ekhulwini ngonyaka ukukhethela uchwepheshe engcono, uye wenza ukutholakala ezibalulekile noma okusunguliwe wadala ukumdumisa umklomelo zokuhlonipha. Uhlu abazuza izindondo zikaNobel lisetudlwana kunenani iminyaka yalowo mkhosi, ngezinye izikhathi abangu ngesikhathi sokwethwasa inhlanganisela abantu ababili noma abathathu. Noma kunjalo, abanye Kuhle kokusho ngokwehlukile.
igor Tamm,
physics Russian umklomelo kaNobel, ozalwa emzini Vladivostok emndenini engineer civil. Ngo-1901 umkhaya wathuthela e-Ukraine, ilapho Igor Evgenevich Tamm kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, wabe eseya ukufunda e-Edinburgh. Ngo-1918 wathola idiploma ye-Faculty of Physics eMoscow State University.
Ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukufundisa, kuqala Simferopol ke e Odessa, bese eMoscow. Ngo-1934 wakhushulelwa ikhanda physics theory at sikhungo wemboni Lebedev, lapho ayesebenza khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Igor Evgenevich Tamm, wafunda electrodynamics kwezinto eziqinile, kanye izakhiwo optical zinhlayiya. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, waqale waveza umqondo ka Quanta ka amaza omsindo. Mechanics Relativistic ngaleso sikhathi sasiphuthuma kakhulu, futhi Tamm, wakwazi Ucwaningo uqinisekise indlela imibono ezingakenziwa kusukela kungase kutholakale ngaphambili. Izinto azithola babe abalulekile kakhulu. Ngo-1958, umsebenzi ubelokhu eqashelwa ngezinga lembulunga yonke: ndawonye nozakwethu Cherenkov noFrank, wathola uMklomelo KaNobel.
Otto Stern
Kuyaphawuleka omunye umhlaziyi, luveza amakhono angajwayelekile ukuze uzizamele. physics German-American, owawina uMklomelo KaNobel Otto Stern wazalwa ngo-February 1888 e-Sora (manje edolobheni isiPolish Dawn). Stern iziqu zesikole Breslau, bese wachitha iminyaka embalwa ngesayensi yemvelo emanyuvesi German. Ngo-1912 wamela mqondo yakhe zobudokotela, inhloko umsebenzi wakhe iziqu kwaba Einstein.
Phakathi Okokuqala Umhlaba Otto Stern wabuthelwa empini, kodwa kukhona baqhubeka nocwaningo theory emkhakheni theory quantum. Kusukela ngo-1914 kuya 1921 wasebenza eFrankfurt University, lapho afundela khona isiqinisekiso zokuhlola motion yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho wakwazi ukuthuthukisa indlela lwemishayo athomu, yilokho okuthiwa yisenzakalo Stern. Ngo-1923 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile Uprofesa we-University of Hamburg. Ngo-1933, kuthiwa ukhulume kabi kwamaJuda futhi waphoqeleka ukuba eJalimane aya e-United States, lapho amukelwa khona yisakhamuzi. Ngo-1943 yena wajoyina uhlu abazuza izindondo zikaNobel ngoba neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni nezinhlayiya ray indlela futhi kokutholakala okwamanje magnetic proton. Kusukela ngo-1945 - uyilungu le-National Academy of Sciences. Kusukela ngo-1946, wayephila eBerkeley, lapho wagcina izinsuku zakhe ngo-1969.
O. Chamberlain
physics American Ouen Chemberlen wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1920 e-San Francisco. Bekanye Emilio Segre, wasebenza emkhakheni quantum physics. Osebenza nabo baphumelele abalulekile futhi wenze ukutholakala: bathola antiprotons. Ngo-1959 zazibonwa ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele, futhi ukhishwa njengoba abawinile uMklomelo KaNobel physics. Kusukela ngo-1960, Chamberlain wangeniswa National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Wayesebenza eHarvard University njengoba uprofesa, yaphela izinsuku zakhe Berkeley ngo-February 2006.
Niels Bohr
Bambalwa uMklomelo KaNobel physics eyaziwa kanye usosayensi Danish. Ngomqondo ke kungenziwa ngokuthi umsunguli wesayensi wesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Niels Bohr wasungula Isikhungo Theoretical Physics e-Copenhagen. Ukuyiphi imfundiso yokuziphendukela athomu, encike kwamaplanethi, futhi postulates. Bakhandwa adalwe emsebenzini obaluleke kunayo yonke ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela nucleus atomic ukusabela zenuzi, ifilosofi nesayensi. Naphezu isithakazelo isakhiwo kuyizinhlayiyana, kuqhathaniswa ukusetshenziswa kwabo izinjongo ezempi. Ezemfundo physics esizayo etholwe lolimi esikoleni, lapho eyaduma njengoba umdlali webhola bakukhonzile. Idumela njengoba umcwaningi onamakhono owavela emva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili nantathu kokuphothula University of Copenhagen. Wakhe mqondo iphrojekthi waklonyeliswa wendondo yegolide. Niels Bohr ezihlongozwayo ukucacisa ukungezwani ebusweni amanzi jet kunyakaza. Kusukela ngo-1908 kuya 1911 wasebenza inyuvesi ekhaya. Wabe wathuthela eNgilandi, lapho ayesebenza khona uJosefa John Thomson, bese nge -Ernest 'uRutherford. Wachitha isikhathi asichitha ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto okwaholela ekutholeni kwakhe indondo ngo-1922. Ngemva kwalokho wabuyela Copenhagen, lapho ahlala khona waze washona ngo-1962.
Lev Landau
physics Soviet umklomelo kaNobel, owazalwa ngo-1908. Landau wadala umsebenzi emangalisa ezindaweni eziningi: watadisha uzibuthe, umumo wokwakha, nuclei athomu, izinhlayiya aphansi, electrodynamics, nokuningi. Bekanye Evgeniem Lifshitsem idale Yiqiniso zakudala physics theory. Umlando wakhe ukuthuthukiswa ezithakazelisayo okusheshayo kokuvamile: engakafakwa University of iminyaka Landau nantathu. Okwesikhathi esithile wafundiswa amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, kodwa kamuva wanquma ukutadisha physics. Kusukela ngo-1927 eneminyaka engu-umfundi ngesikhathi Ioffe Leningrad Institute. Abaphila Besikhathi bamkhumbule njengenhlangano, indoda nomdlandla abukhali, uthambekela izilinganiso ezibucayi. I ukuzithiba avunyelwe Landau aphumelele. Wayesebenza ku ifomula kangaka nokuthi wayekubonile kubo ngisho elele ebusuku. Kakhulu ukuthonywa kuye, futhi uhambo yesayensi phesheya. Ikakhulukazi abalulekile kwaba ukuvakasha ukuze Institute of Theoretical Physics, Niels Bohr, lapho usosayensi wakwazi ukuxoxa nezindaba nesithakazelo kuye ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Landau azi- umfundi Dane abadumile.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-namathathu banesifo esibi usosayensi sibhekene ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu uStalin. Physics sathola ithuba ukubaleka laseKharkov, lapho wayehlala nomkhaya wakubo. It akaphinda wamsiza, wabe eseboshwa ngo-1938. Ososayensi abaphambili emhlabeni baye baphendukela Stalin, ngo-1939, Landau wadedelwa. Ngemva kwalokho, sekuyiminyaka eminingi yena eyingoduso e imisebenzi yesayensi. Ngo-1962, wabe esengeniswa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics. Ikomidi eliqokwe wawusondela ezintsha ekutadisheni ndaba olujiyile, ikakhulukazi helium ketshezi. Ngawo lowo nyaka wahlupheka ingoti, ishayisane neloli. Ngemva kwalokho, yena waphila iminyaka eyisithupha. zesayensi isiRashiya, owazuza uMklomelo abawinile thukela izuzwe ukuhlonishwa okunjalo, eyayise-Lev Landau. Naphezu isiphetho ezinzima, owawusekelwe zonke amaphupho akho futhi wenza indlela entsha ngokuphelele isayensi.
max Born
physics German umklomelo kaNobel, umhlaziyi kanye umsunguli we quantum Mechanics wazalwa ngo 1882. Umbhali ikusasa imisebenzi ebalulekile theory wokuhlobana kwezinto, electrodynamics, imibuzo zefilosofi, le kinetics zabanye liquid eziningi wasebenza eBrithani futhi ekhaya. Ukuqeqeshwa lokuqala efunda esikoleni esiphakeme nge ukuchema kuzo ulimi. Ngemva kokuqeda isikole, wangena University of Breslau. Ngo inqubo yokufunda ukuwo zinkulumo zezibalo odumile isikhathi - Feliksa Kleyna, uDavide Hilbert futhi Germana Minkovskogo. Ngo-1912 yena yanikezelwa indawo Gottingen umsizi Uprofesa, futhi ngo-1914 saya ku-Berlin. Kusukela ngo-1919, wayesebenza e-Frankfurt njengoba uprofesa. Phakathi nozakwabo kwabonakala Otto Stern, silindele ikusasa owathola uMklomelo KaNobel, okuyinto thina kakade lapho silandwa. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, Bourne echazwe ukudla okuqinile futhi imfundiso quantum. Ngiza kudingeka incazelo ekhethekile mayelana nesimo wave-kuyizinhlayiyana kwendaba. Akabanga ukuthi imithetho yemvelo we microworld kungenziwa ngokuthi kwezibalo nokuthi umsebenzi wave kumele esichazwa njengesono esiphambene ubuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngemva kokuba amandla, amaNazi kuhanjiswe ku Cambridge. Wabuyela eJalimane kuphela ngo-1953, futhi bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1954. Ngiyombonga njalo bahlale umlando physics njengoba omunye theorists ezinethonya kunazo kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.
Enrico Fermi
abawinile Ababaningi uMklomelo KaNobel physics wafika evela e-Italiya. Nokho, lokhu lapho wazalwa Enrico Fermi uchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Wayengumuntu ungumdali enuzi kanye neutron physics, eyasungulwa izikole eziningana yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni wayeyilungu Academy of Sciences zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Fermi kungokwalabo semali umsebenzi theory emkhakheni izinhlayiya aphansi. Ngo-1938, wathuthela e-US, lapho wathola radioactivity yokufakelwa, futhi lakha wokuqala emlandweni wesintu ngumuntu enuzi. Ngawo lowo nyaka yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel. Ngokuthakazelisayo, amapulazi abe inkumbulo kuyamangalisa, sibonga yena kwaba ngendlela emangalisayo, hhayi nje physics bakwazi, kodwa futhi ngokushesha ngafunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe ngosizo self-ucwaningo, ezazingena ukuyalwa ngokuvumelana ohlelweni lwaso. Lawa uyakwazi ukukhulula khona ngisho eyunivesithi.
Ngokushesha ngemva ukuqeqeshwa, waqala eyayinesihloko theory quantum, ngaleso sikhathi e-Italy cishe hhayi wafunda. Ucwaningo lwakhe kuqala electrodynamics futhi okufanele siqashelwe. Endleleni eya empumelelweni yobusuku Fermi uzinake UProfesa Mario Corbijn, abakwazisayo ithalenta usosayensi futhi baba abavikela yakhe e-University of Rome, ukuhlinzeka intsha career eyisimanga. Ngemva kokuthuthela e-United States wayesebenza e-Las Alamos ne-Chicago, lapho afela khona ngo-1954.
Erwin Schrödinger
Austrian semithetho yesayensi yemvelo owazalelwa 1887 e Vienna, umndeni usozimboni. Ubaba abacebile kwaba iphini likamongameli we umphakathi Botanical futhi etshalwe zendawo kusukela zisencane wagxilisa isithakazelo yendodana yakhe kulesi isayensi. Ukuze iminyaka eyishumi nanye Erwin wafundiswa ekhaya, futhi 1898 yangena esikoleni zezemfundo. Lolungenamaphutsa uwuqedile, wangena University of Vienna. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okukhethekile abakhethiwe yayisemzimbeni, Schrödinger yabonisa namatalenta womuntu: wayazi izilimi eziyisithupha zakwamanye amazwe, ngabhala nenkondlo futhi owayeyisazi izincwadi. Izimpumelelo sciences ngqo babephefumulelwe Fritz Gazenrolem, uthisha abanamakhono Erwin. Nguye owasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi physics isithakazelo sakhe esikhulu. Ukuze mqondo yakhe zobudokotela Schrödinger wakhetha umsebenzi yokulinga, okuyinto wakwazi ukuvikela lolungenamaphutsa. Umsebenzi waqala eyunivesithi, lapho usosayensi wahlanganyela ugesi asemkhathini, yokukhanya, umsindo, umbala theory kanye quantum physics. Kakade 1914 bamukela likaprofesa, okwamenza wakwazi abathethise. Ngemva kwempi, ngo-1918, ngaqala ukusebenza e-Institute of Physics of Jena, lapho ayesebenza ne-Max Planck futhi Einstein. Ngo-1921 wafundisa ngaso Stuttgart, kodwa ngemva eyodwa semester wathuthela Breslau. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngathola isimemo kusukela Polytechnic eZurich. Esikhathini kusuka 1925 kuya 1926 wayifeza ucwaningo eziningana wamavukelambuso, banyathelisa iphepha ngokuthi "quantization njengoba inkinga yamanani abo." Lwenza i equation kubalulekile isayensi yamanje futhi yesimanje. Ngo-1933 wathola uMklomelo KaNobel, bese waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye izwe: amaNazi athatha izintambo. Ngemva kwempi wabuyela e-Austria, lapho ayehlala khona zonke iminyaka yakhe esele futhi wafa ngo-1961 e Vienna lwakubo.
Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen
Adume physics German zokuhlola azalelwe Lennep, ukuthi eduze Dusseldorf, e-1845. Ngemva kokutadisha ngesikhathi Zurich Polytechnic, wayehlele ukuba ngama-engineer, kodwa wayazi ukuthi yayinesithakazelo physics theory. Waba Umsizi zonke emnyangweni nyuvesi ekhaya, wabe esedlulela Giessen. Kusukela 1871 kuya 1873 wasebenza neWürzburg. Ngo-1895 wathola ama-X ray, futhi ngokucophelela wafunda nezici zabo. WayeyiZwi umbhali we imisebenzi ebalulekile phezu izakhiwo pyroelectric futhi piezoelectric amakristalu kanye uzibuthe. UMklomelo KaNobel emhlabeni kuqala physics, wathola ke ngo-1901 ngokuzinikela kwakhe ezivelele isayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uye wasebenza-X-ray Kundt esikoleni, abe uhlobo umsunguli we Amathrendi yesayensi, ukusebenza nabantu ayephila nabo - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. Naphezu inkazimulo a experimenter yimpumelelo, wayeqhuba izifundo ekuphileni sasivumela esekusithekeni futhi wakhuluma kuphela abasizi. Ngakho-ke, umthelela imibono yakhe phezu physics bekungenjalo abafundi bakhe, yayingabalulekile kakhulu. Usosayensi nesizotha wenqaba igama ray udumo, ukuphila kwabo konke ebabiza-X ray. Amaholo abo, wabanika isimo futhi wahlala ezimweni straitened kakhulu. Washona Wilhelm Roentgen Februwari 10, 1923 Munich.
U-Albert Einstein
I-physics edumile emhlabeni wonke, wazalwa ngo-Germany. Yena wayengu- mdali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto kanye wabhala imisebenzi ebalulekile theory quantum, wayeyilungu amazwe Russian Academy of Sciences. Kusukela 1893 wayehlala Switzerland, futhi ngo-1933 bathuthela e-United States. Einstein wethula umqondo ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya, wabeka imithetho ngomphumela Photoelectric futhi wabikezela kokutholakala ekushayweni inkanuko yobulili. Waba imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezinyakazayo Brownian yawo eguquguqukayo, kanye wadala izibalo quantum. Engangisebenza izinkinga Cosmology. Ngo-1921 wathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa akuthola umphumela Photoelectric kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Albert Einstein ingenye initiators eyinhloko ekusungulweni Israyeli. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi, kuthiwa ukhulume kabi eJalimane lobuNazi nasemakamu bezama ukumgcina osopolitiki kusuka kokwenzayo budedengu. Wayesho ukuthini ngenkinga yenuzi engakaze wezwa, ukuthi kwaba nefu elimnyama eyinhloko ekuphileni usosayensi sika. Ngo-1955, washona eneminyaka Princeton kusukela useshonile yomthambo i-aorta.
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