Izindaba UmphakathiIsiko

Umlando Hermitage. Ukuklanywa Kwazo Nokutholakala ukuqoqwa Hermitage

Omunye iminyuziyamu edume kakhulu emhlabeni. It ujenga ikhilomitha emgqeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngaphandle sezulu. It has amagatsha amaningi, inkundla yayo siqu, orchestra amakati engavamile.

Funda lesi sihloko futhi empeleni iyokwaziwa ngisho okwesikhathi umlando omfushane Hermitage. Uzothola kangcono ezinye imibukiso amakamelo zikanokusho emkhathini. Sizobe ukukhuluma mayelana izakhiwo ezahlukene, kufakwe eziyinkimbinkimbi Museum.

Ulwazi ngeke abe nesithakazelo kubo bonke abalandeli esikweni lesizwe kanye Ongoti yobuciko yobuciko emhlabeni.

Hermitage eMbusweni Russian

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale incazelo Hermitage, kuba kafushane kuwufanele bajwayelane nomlando wayo. Iqoqo elikhulu lwalezizinsuku, okuyinto ligcinwe amahholo zezakhiwo eziningi ezahlukene usuqaliwe ngezithombe siqu Catherine uMkhandlu Omkhulu.

Ngo 1764, yena ngiyitholile isikweleti Yohanna Gotskovskogo Russian Prince uVladimir Dolgoruky. Collection sakhiwe phezu izithombe ezingamakhulu amathathu ekubeni Berlin. Inani imidwebo zokhahlamba kusuka omunye abayizinkulungwane ezilikhulu lamatshumi ayisificaminwembili thaler German kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili.

Ngakho, umlando we Hermitage waqala ngemisebenzi Babyurena, van Dyck, Balen, Rembrandt, Rubens, Jordaens futhi lonke abadwebi Dutch futhi lase. Kusukela uhlu kokuqala izithombe namuhla ukuze alondoloze asele yobuciko ayengamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha. Mayelana lapho abanye babengasekho, sizoxoxa ngamanye izingxenye sihloko.

Ekuqaleni, igumbi engisibekele ukuqoqwa amahholo Winter Palace. Kamuva isakhiwo kwakhiwa, okuyinto namuhla njengoba Hermitage Small eyaziwa (photo ngezansi). Kodwa kule nqubo ye Museum Ekaterina Velikaya walandela yokwanda kwenani ziphephile. Kancane kancane, endaweni kwakunganele, futhi lakhiwa wezakhiwo Felten Esikhulu (noma Old) Hermitage iminyaka elishumi elinamithandathu.

Phakathi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili le iqoqo agcwaliswa izinkulungwane eziningi zobuciko. Umhlangano kukaNgqongqoshe Saxony kwathengwa, Bala Heinrich von Brühl, ukuqoqwa French uBaron Pierre Crozat, kanye eziningi yobuciko kusuka ukuqoqwa the British Prime Minister Roberta Uolpola.

Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye endabeni ka Empress uCatherine Omkhulu eqhubekayo u-Alexander I Nicholas I. Basuke bengasaqondiswa nje wathenga yonke ukuqoqwa ezahlukene baseYurophu esihle aphelele umhlangano nangenkathi, izitayela kanye abaculi ngabanye. Base uthenge "Lute Player" by Caravaggio futhi "Wokudumisa izazi" by Botticelli.

A indima enkulu kuleli popularization we Hermitage kudlalwa Nikolay I. 1852, usivulela embukisweni ukuze ubuyekezwe ngumphakathi. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ubengase zibabaza obukhulu kuzo kwabaphathi abakhethiwe kusuka kwezakhi ephakeme emphakathini. Ngemva kokuvula eqoqweni okusha Hermitage kuya khona umphakathi ifinyelele kubantu eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu onyakeni wokuqala.

sibalo Lobalulekile ubuciko engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwaba Andrei Somov, owayenguyise ngumnakekeli Museum iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili. Wenzé izinhlu eziningana art Italian neSpanishi ukuthi yafakwa embukisweni amahholo Hermitage.

Isimo sashintsha ngokuphelele ngemva abdication Nicholas II esihlalweni sobukhosi amaBolshevik athatha izintambo.

Umlando Hermitage kusukela 1917

Esikhathini eko yomlando zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili we Hermitage kungokoqobo izinguquko ezithile. Ukuqoqwa kuvuselela eziningi imperial izikhulu inhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela amahholo Sasebusika iningi wezangaphakathi sesidlulisiwe, lezinto eziligugu Mughals.

Iqoqo le-yahlakazeka amaqoqo Wathela Museum of okusha Western Art (isebenza nge imidwebo European Impressionist futhi Shchukin, Morozov). Kodwa igalari Hermitage ibithwele nokulahlekelwa. Ngakho, Room Diamond we Sasebusika zayiswa eMoscow ezibiyele nemisebenzi eyinhloko abaculi kwekhulu lesikhombisa babe Museum of Fine Arts.

Izinto zashintsha lapho ukudayiswa yobuciko eminyakeni emihlanu (kusukela ngo-1929 kuya 1934). Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa igalelo ezingalindelekile eqoqweni. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi imidwebo angaphezu kwamashumi amane elahlekile Hermitage (isithombe omunye wabo itholakala ngezansi). Ngokwesibonelo, "Annunciation" Yana Van Eyck namuhla agcinwe endaweni Museum e-Washington.

Ukuhlolwa olandelayo kwaba yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. I isimanga Eqinisweni, kodwa akukho amakhophi kwezigidi ezimbili zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo ukuze Urals ziphephile awuzange elahlekile. Ngemva kokubuya kuphela ezimbalwa ayedinga sokubuyiselwa.

Ngo-1945 ukuqoqwa Hermitage kakhulu lakhulisiwe ngezithukuthuku Berlin Trophies. Bona ziphuthunyiswe altare ePergamon futhi ezinye izinto eGibhithe. Kodwa ngo-1958 iSoviet Union, uhulumeni ibuyisela ukuba German Democratic Republic.

Ngemva yokwakha kabusha futhi ukuwa kweSoviet State Hermitage ngomunye wabokuqala yamemezela agcinwe vaults of akhe imisebenzi, okuyinto zonke emhlabeni babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli alahlekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, besebenzisa i-ngokukhethekile wadala Isikhwama kancane kancane ukugcwalisa izikhala in the ziphephile amabili ekhulwini. Ngakho, ke u aluthola imisebenzi by Soutine, Rouault, Utrillo nezinye abaculi.

Kukhona iphrojekthi "Hermitage 20 \ 21", lapho kuhlelwe ukuba uthenge futhi ukubonisa imisebenzi abalobi wesimanje.

Ngo-2006, kwaba khona ukuphoxeka encane nokulahlekelwa izinto ezingamakhulu amabili amancane (imigexo, silverware, imifanekiso, njll). Kodwa uphenyo ngokushesha wasungula abaphehla ukweba, futhi izinto eziningi bayakwazi ukubuya.

AmaHholo we Hermitage elikhulu

Ukuze uthole saqala emakamelweni Hermitage kukhona wafana Maze esingapheliyo esigodlweni Knossos eKrethe. Lapha kuhlanganiswe izakhiwo ezintathu lapho kukhona izigaba amabili nesishiyagalombili futhi angaba ngamakhulu amane izakhiwo.

Ngakho, i- State Hermitage Museum, umlando eye kubhekwe ngaphambili, kwavulwa yomphakathi ukubuka uMbusi uNicholas I. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iqoqo Museum abangu ahlanganiswe kakhulu.

Namuhla ungabona art Ase-Asia Ephakathi, United of Ancient Egypt naseMpumalanga, amatshe ezikhumbuzo abanamasiko nezinkambiso ezihlukahlukene ensimini ka eSiberia lasendulo lasendulo. Futhi kule zemibukiso ezimbili iqoqo ocebile ubucwebe.

Esitezi sesibili, izivakashi bayojabulela hhayi kuphela iqoqo langa izikhali, kodwa futhi imidwebo ngabaculi Western Europe. Kukhona imisebenzi EFlanders, Dutch, isiNtaliyane, isiNgisi, isiJalimane, iSipanishi futhi abaculi French.

Kukhona igalari yesimanje. Hermitage wamthatha ingxenye yamagceke esitezi sesithathu. Kulezi amahholo izivakashi ungabona hhayi kuphela zabalingiswa abalobi Western Europe of yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Futhi ubonisa ezobuciko namasiko we WaseByzantium, Central Asia naseMpumalanga Ekude.

izakhiwo

Petersburg, izakhiwo Hermitage ukwakha Ukwakheka ebalulekile yezakhiwo. Kuhlanganisa izindawo ezinhlanu ezinkulu, inkonzo ezimbili namakamelo amane ahlukene.

Ngesisekelo Ensemble yakhiwa kuleli dolobha esenyakatho Palace Square. Nazi Winter Palace, Small, Large and okusha Hermitage kanye Hermitage Theatre.

Njengoba kubusa amaSoviet inikezwe Winter Palace Museum ukusingatha lo mbukiso. Le ndlu yake le-imperial Lesi sakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu esimweni Russian. Yakhiwa phakathi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili by umakhi abadumile Rastrelli. Ngaphambi abdication Nicholas II, kwaba main ebusika yokuhlala elibusayo Romanov lwamakhosi.

Kodwa amahholo esemqoka ye Hermitage ungekho lapha. izinto eziningi embukisweni izakhiwo ezintathu ekhethekile - Big, abancane okusha Hermitage.
Okokuqala Felten yakhiwa kuleli ngasekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Itholakala kwi kwaleli chibi futhi kwakuhloselwe ukukhombisa amaqoqo art.

Small Hermitage siqukethe Hanging Gardens, kanye pavilions ezimbili - i-kuhlangana khona iNyakatho neNingizimu. Wakha kancane ekuqaleni, futhi Omkhulu zihlobene classical Hermitage Museum kanye Winter Sigodlo ekhatsi isitayela Baroque.

New Hermitage yakhiwa kuleli Revival ngesiGreki. It badalelwa ukuba ihlanganise "ukuba luhlolwe ngumphakathi" art iqoqo.

Hermitage isakhiwo sihlanganisa egalaji futhi spare ilahle block emzini Winter Palace. Lezi zakhiwo ezibhekwa asizayo futhi inkonzo.

Ngaphandle Palace Square anawo mnyuziyamu Ukuganukeja "Old Village", Eastern Wing e-General Assembly Abasebenzi, Menshikov Palace kanye Porcelain Factory Museum.

yaseshashalazini

Umlando kanye izakhiwo zezakhiwo Hermitage ngokuvamile iboleka imibono evela amakhosi ahlukahlukene Western Europe. Mina yayiphumula weshashalazi.

Its ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, zaklama futhi zakha izindawo Italian Dzhakomo Kvarengi. Ukwakheka yangaphandle futhi ingaphakathi zadalwa ngaphansi kwethonya Teatro Olimpico e Vicenza. Ngakho, Petersburg okuphindaphindiwe imiqondo Andrea Palladio.

Elisendaweni yokwamukela abantu ngakho "umlando we Hermitage" has lubonakale. Izivakashi bazokwazi ukuzibonela mathupha imishayo futhi imishayo yokhuni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili.

kakhulu esifanayo isakhiwo yaseshashalazini esakhiwe esizeni ngowokuqala Sasebusika koMbusi uPetru izikhathi. Kusukela indlu endala walondoloza kuphela isisekelo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kukhona Hermitage Ibhuloho ngokusebenzisa ukuvakasha exhumanisa iziqhingi ezimbili Admiralty futhi kuholela kule nkundla ukuze Old Hermitage.

Hermitage entsha

Umlando kanye izakhiwo Hermitage kubonise ngokugcwele ekubalekeni ngawo iNdlovukazi Ekaterina Velikaya wasiphakamisa samuntu umqondo ngaphansi kwethonya imfashini Western Europe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwaba ethandwa phakathi ekilasini emihle ukuqoqa iqoqo imisebenzi yobuciko.

UMbusikazi wathenga batch lokuqala izithombe futhi yayala ukuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo okungukuthi namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i Hermitage Amancane. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kwaqedwa umsebenzi kwaba sobala ukuthi igumbi lincane kakhulu futhi ayikwazi ukuze kuhlaliswe zonke izinto ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba saqala ukwakha Hermitage Omkhulu.

Ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka isakhiwo waqala ukuwohloka, futhi kwenzeka 1837 kanye umlilo wenza ukuqala eziphuthumayo ukwakhiwa entsha. Ngakho, Munich Nicholas mina kuletha Klentse wezakhiwo, owaqala ukuklama Hermitage entsha. Petersburg isibe ngaye ukugcwaliseka kwemibono kuhlulekile.

Le miklamo Igumbi libonise wezakhiwo, owathola ayikho impendulo e-Athens. Lonke sakhiwo ngokwengxenye zifane Pinakothek, Glyptothek, Pantehnion futhi esigodlweni eGreece.

Ngo 1852, kuvulwa kusadingeka amahholo amasha angaphezu. Imibukiso ngabo uqobo wakhetha umbusi.

nemibukiso

Okulandelayo sizobe sibheke Hermitage ziphephile. Ngo amahholo Museum ibonisa ukuthuthukiswa yobuciko kusuka ngenkathi umphakathi bakudala ngisho nanamuhla. iqoqo ethile ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile lwezinto ezivela amaqoqo bemivubukulo.

Lezi zinto zihlanganisa imifanekiso Venus kusukela Kostenok, igolide umSkithe, izinto kusukela indunduma yokungcwaba Pazyryk, amapuleti ne petroglyphs nezinye yobuciko kwamasiko kwenkathi asemaqeleni Omkhulu.

Eceleni kubalulekile ukuba uthinte ziphephile amahholo lasendulo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu izinto. Uzokwazi ukubona abangaphezu kuka-nanhlanu ayizinkulungwane isitsha sezimbali ngesineke, mayelana kwabayizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyigugu kakhulu amagugu Antique, kanye namashumi amabili ekumeni wamaRoma.

NgesiGreki Hermitage ziphephile Are kwahambisana by a kakhulu ukuqoqwa ubumba imifanekiso kusukela Tanagra e Boeotia.

iqoqo Numismatic of abangaphezu kwesigidi zemali. Lapha kuba amaphethini European lasendulo futhi Eastern, Russian naseNtshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho liqukethe izindondo mayelana ayisikhombisa nanhlanu namakhulu esiyisikhumbuzo, amabheji abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu, izindondo, izitembu nezinye izinto.

Nokho, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke ngokungangabazeki ukuqoqwa imidwebo ngabaculi abangabakhe ongqi izitayela ezahlukene.

Nazi abalobi Western Europe kusukela nantathu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Uma sicabanga kubo eceleni ngezwe, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa nangenkathi eziningana.

amakhosi Italian kusukela nantathu ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili: Giorgione futhi Titian, da Vinci Raphael, Caravaggio, Tiepolo nabanye. Netherlands obonakaliswe Umdwebo emidwebweni Robert Kampen, van Leiden, van der Weyden njll Kukhona lase Rubens futhi Snyders, Jordaens uVan Deyk.

Iqoqo Spanish iyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngaphandle yeminyuziyamu Spanish. Lapha ungakwazi ukujabulela imisebenzi El Greco, de Ribera, Diego Velaskesa, Morales nabanye.

Kusukela IsiZulu Kneller webs embukisweni, Dobson, Reynolds, Lawrence, njll Kusukela French - .. Gellee, Mignard, Delacroix, Renoir, Monet, Degas nabanye.

Nge zonke iqoqo ezihlukahlukene has a lot of izikhala. Ngokwesibonelo, surrealists namanye izindawo cishe singamelwe Hermitage.

-orchestra

Kodwa Petersburg idume iqoqo hhayi kuphela ingqondo-boggling we Hermitage. Kuyinto ethandwa njengoba i-orchestra abadumile.

Le projekthi ezingalindelekile Russian-Lithuanian sidalwe ngomhlaka- ushintsho ubudala. Ngo-1989, lapho glasnost futhi yokwakha kabusha ephakanyiswe "Lensimbi" futhi elaseSoviet Union kokuquleka, Saulius Sondeckis kudala-orchestra ngokuthi "Saint-Petersburg Camerata".

Ngesisekelo iqembu ayengabafundi beZwi somculo ezisemadolobheni, owayefundisa Lithuanian.

Ngonyaka olandelayo, umqondisi Hermitage Boris Piotrovsky, ebamema ukuba ukudlala ngaphansi ukusekelwa sikhungo. Ngemva kwalokho, ngesikhathi "Camerata" esayina inkontileka yokuqopha ne «Sony Classical».

Futhi ngo-1994, ngemva uchungechunge izingxoxo iqembu ibuyisela ngaphansi ukusekelwa Museum and uthola igama lokugcina "uHulumeni Hermitage Orchestra."

Ngo-1997 yena wadala amazulu Hermitage Academy of Music, ogxile ngokuhlanganyela. Namuhla, i-orchestra unika amakhonsathi kuleli Hermitage Theatre nezinye amahholo mlando.

Ikhanda layo unomphela etholwe 2009 Order of Honour, njengoba indoda avelele isiko kanye ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano phakathi wamazwe phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

Famous Hermitage amakati

Cats Hermitage - kwale nganekwane inimitable ezisemadolobheni kanye Eqinisweni ekhexisayo. Namuhla on ensimini Museum iyikhaya izilwane mayelana ayisikhombisa. Sinenkosi zonke imibhalo, kubandakanya amakhadi wezilwane kanye passport. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakati abizwa ngokusemthethweni ohlwini "kakhulu afanelekayo ukuhlanza ezindlini Museum kusukela amagundane."

Ngakho, ukuqoqwa Hermitage iqukethe ephephile ngokuphelele kusukela ayehlasela namagundane. izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela kwakusobala kangangokuthi amagundane naplodili Palace.

Ikati kuqala Winter Palace waletha Tsar uPeter Omkhulu kusuka uhambo ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana. Kamuva, Elizaveta Petrovna ngesikhathi evakashele Kazan waphawula ukungabi e namagundane ngenxa inani elikhulu amakati-rat-Bangababambi. Umthetho ekhethekile zezinhlobo ngobukhulu zihanjiswe Petersburg.

Kamuva, Ekaterina Velikaya egumbini olwabiwa izilwane futhi izindlu. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa kuphela amakati Russian okwesibhakabhaka.

Ngokwesibili, lapho amagundane ezifuywa kwaba ngesikhathi evimbezela Leningrad phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa ngemuva kokuphela edolobheni waletha ezimbili carloads zamakati, okuyiqembu engcono kuchaziwe emnyuziyamu.

Namuhla, kula makati Hermitage kuthiwa inzalo. Sinenkosi siqu isikhala sabo yangasese ukulala nezitsha. abasebenzi Museum babembiza kubo "ermikami". Nendawo ka ezikhangayo kuyizimpawu zokuthi shayela uqaphe. Basuke ezibekwe njengoba isilinganiso ophoqelelwe, kusukela izilwane eziningi zibulawa izimoto ngesikhathi elungisa ahlukahlukene.

amagatsha

Niyaphaphalaza uma ucabanga ukuthi kukhona omunye Hermitage. Petersburg inamagatsha eziningana Museum emhlabeni wonke.

Imizamo yokuqala ukubangela ukwehlukana ezazisemizini ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye. Wavula amahholo eLondon Las Vegas, kodwa zavalwa phezu iminyaka eyisikhombisa.
Okuningi yimpumelelo kwaba ukubambisana ne-Italy. Esichasiselweni lokuqala lapha uvele 2006 enqabeni Este. Lesi sakhiwo kubhekwa litshwayo emzini Ferrara. Siphinde uzicabangele izinto ongakhetha kuzo nge Verona kanye Mantua.

Kodwa uMnyango edume kunazo angaphandle Hermitage phezu Amstel e-Amsterdam. It lavulwa ngo-2004, futhi kamuva ukuze udale ukwakhiwa eliphelele kabusha lonke emgwaqweni futhi isakhiwo Amstelhof.

I Russian Federation inamagatsha e Kazan futhi Vyborg, kuhlelwe Omsk ngo-2016.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sizobe ukuhlola Museum ethakazelisayo Russian Federation. Hermitage - lokhu akulona nje yindawo lapho yobuciko embukisweni, futhi isiqeshana isiko nge umlando walo kanye nezici.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo. Egqamile futhi ezimibalabala okuvelayo uvakasha!

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