Umlando lwezinombolo kanye ohlelweni inombolo, uhlelo positional (kafushane)

Umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo uhlelo kuhlobene, ngoba ohlelweni inombolo, futhi iyindlela ukuqopha imiqondo enjalo abstract like izinombolo. Lesi sihloko akusebenzi kuphela ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha wezibalo, ngoba konke lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko zabantu iyonke. Ngoba lapho uyaqonda umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo, kafushane ithinta phezu izici eziningi emlandweni impucuko ukuthi wabadala. Systems ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe nonpositional positional futhi edidayo. Kusukela alternation yabo yonke indaba izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo. Positioning uhlelo - kangangokuthi ukubaluleka okhonjiswe inani kunombolo irekhodi, kuye ngokuthi siyini isikhundla salo. In izinhlelo nepozitsionnyh, ngokulandelana, akukho kwencika ezinjalo. Isintu wadala futhi izinhlelo okuxubile.

Ucwaningo inombolo izinhlelo ezikoleni

Namuhla sifundo "Umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo" izobanjelwa e-grade 9 ngenkambo e computer science. Okubaluleke kakhulu inzuzo yayo - ukufunda ukuhumusha izinombolo kusukela kusistimu eyodwa inombolo kwenye (ikakhulukazi kusukela ledesimali kanambambili). Nokho, umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo iyingxenye yomlando sisonke kwakuyoba umphelelisi futhi isihloko yezifundo zezikole. Kungenzeka futhi ngcono namuhla wakhuthaza indlela multidisciplinary. Njengengxenye Yiqiniso jikelele umlando, isimiso, lingasuswa wafunda hhayi kuphela umlando ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ukunyakaza kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, amabhodi izimpi, kodwa futhi ngezinga elincane umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo. 9 ngokuhamba ekilasini computer kulesi simo kungaba ngokuya izinombolo translation kusukela kusistimu eyodwa kuya kwenye ohlelweni ukunikeza inombolo olukhudlwana izibonelo endabeni ngalifunda. Kodwa lezi zibonelo hhayi ngaphandle isasasa, njengoba uyoboniswa ngezansi.

Ukuvela inombolo izinhlelo

Kunzima ukusho lapho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, indlela abantu bafunda ukubala (njengoba nje akunakwenzeka ukwazi ngokuthe ukuthola nini futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kanjani ulimi umsuka). It is kuphela Kuyaziwa ukuthi yamandulo kuye kwadingeka uhlelo akhawunti abo, bese, umlando izinombolo kanye uhlelo izinombolo eladabuka dotsivilizatsionnoe isikhathi. Amatshe namathambo abakwazi usitshele ukuthi kwakwenzekani kwengqondo yomuntu, nemithombo ebhaliwe sasingakafiki wadala. Mhlawumbe lo mthethosivivinywa kudingeka indoda ekwehlukanisweni kwetindzima ukukhiqizwa, noma okuningi kamuva, ngesikhathi salezi zinguquko Neolithic, okungukuthi, kwathatha ezolimo, ngokuba ingxenye wesakhiwo ensimini. Noma yimuphi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngale ndaba kuyoba ngokulinganayo okungenasisekelo. Kodwa ezinye ezicatshangwayo usengakwazi kwenziwe ngokutadisha umlando ngezilimi ezahlukene.

Iminonjana uhlelo inombolo lasendulo

I enengqondo kakhulu sokuqala ukubala uhlelo - kokuphikisa imiqondo "omunye" - ". Okuningi" Ngenxa kunengqondo kithi ukuthi yolimi lwanamuhla isiRashiya, kukhona kuphela bunye nebunyenti. Kodwa ezilimini eziningi zasendulo sasiwubufakazi ezimbili ukuze ubheke izinto ezimbili. It yayikhona izilimi zokuqala Indo-European, kuhlanganise Russian lasendulo. Ngakho, umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo uhlelo owaqala ngokuvukela ukwehlukana imiqondo "omunye", "ababili", "abaningi". Nokho, ezinemininingwane eminingi izinombolo izinhlelo kuye kwasungulwa impucuko kakhulu yasendulo eyaziwa kithi.

ashaqisayo yaseMesophothamiya

Thina zisetshenziselwa zamadesimali inombolo system. Lokhu kuyaqondakala: ezandleni iminwe 10. Noma kunjalo, umlando nesenzakalo izinombolo futhi uhlelo nombolo ayedlule isigaba nzima. YaseMesophothamiya numeration uhlelo - sexagesimal. Ngoba kuze kube manje ehoreni elilodwa imizuzu engu-60, futhi umzuzu - 60 amasekhondi. Ngenxa ngonyaka ihlukaniswe ngenani izinyanga, ukuphindaphinda kwe-60, futhi ngosuku luhlukaniswe inani elifanayo amahora. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba alelo washi lika, okungukuthi, yilowo nalowo kubo kwaba 1/12 emini (e-Iraq yanamuhla, ubude bayo akuyona ezihlukahlukene kakhulu). ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu kuphela waqala ukunquma isikhathi yehora akulona ilanga, futhi wanezela amahora 12 ebusuku.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amamaki okuqoshiwe uhlelo sexagesimal, uma kuyindodana, idesimali - zikhona izimpawu ezimbili kuphela (ukuze ubheke omunye futhi eziyishumi, hhayi ebesigibele kuzo noma ayisithupha, okungukuthi eziyishumi), lezi zibalo etholwe ngokuhlanganisa lezizibonakaliso. Kunzima ngisho nokuyicabanga indlela okwakunzima ngayo ukubhala phansi noma iyiphi izinombolo ezinkulu ngale ndlela.

I lasendulo uhlelo inombolo waseGibhithe

Futhi indaba iinomboro idesimali inombolo uhlelo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemifanekiso amaningi abonisa izinombolo uqale nge nabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Bahlanganisa izinhlamvu, okusho umuntu, eziyinkulungwane nekhulu, analinye amawaka, izinkulungwane eziyishumi, ikhulu, izigidi ezingu-eziyishumi, ngaleyondlela ebonisa ukuthi inombolo oyifunayo. uhlelo okunjalo kwakuyisici zibelula kuka eMesophothamiya, okuyinto esetshenziswa Izinombolo ezimbili kuphela. Kepha wayenencekukazi komkhawulo sobala: kwakunzima ukurekhoda inombolo, okuningi kwezigidi eziyishumi. Nokho, impucuko yasendulo yaseGibithe, athandani kakhulu yezimpucuko zezwe lasendulo, izinombolo enjalo ihlangabezane.

izinhlamvu Hellenic e notation zezibalo

Umlando wefilosofi European, isayensi, umcabango zezombusazwe, nokuningi kakhulu iqala sidilizwa Hellas ( "Hellas" - self, Kungcono "Greece" kusungulwe Roma). Sikhanyisiwe kule impucuko babe ilwazi leembalo. Isibalo AmaGreki eqoshiwe izincwadi. Izinhlamvu ngazinye kukhona ngamunye inombolo kusuka 1 kuya 9, njalo eminyakeni eyishumi kusuka 10 kuya ku-90 futhi zonke engamakhulu kusuka 100 kuya 900. kuphela ayinkulungwane ebekwe incwadi efanayo iyunithi, kodwa uphawu ezahlukene eduze incwadi. Uhlelo uvumele izinombolo elikhulu nakakhulu selisho imibhalo eqoshiwe esifushane.

Slavic izinombolo uhlelo njengoba owalandela we Hellenic

Umlando izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle amazwi ambalwa mayelana okhokho bethu. Cyrillic, njengoba sazi, kusekelwe zamagama Hellenic, ngakhoke izibalo Slavic ukuqopha uhlelo nayo futhi yayisekelwe phezu amaGreki. Nalapha futhi, izincwadi ngamunye ukumela inombolo-1 kuya 9, ngasinye eziyishumi 10 kuya kwangu-90 futhi ngamunye engamakhulu kusuka 100 kuya 900. esetshenziswa kuphela izinhlamvu hhayi amaGreki Cyrillic, noma Glagolitsa. Futhi kwakunombhalo isici esithakazelisayo: naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imibhalo Hellenic ngesikhathi, futhi Slavic kusukela ekuqaleni komlando yabo ebhaliwe kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla, Slavic izinombolo zalotshwa njengokungathi kusuka kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele, okungukuthi, izinhlamvu zimise amashumi ibekwe kuya kwesokudla izinhlamvu zimise iyunithi, izincwadi elisho amakhulu ezincwadi kuya kwesokudla zimise amashumi nokunye. d.

yokuncishiswa elisophahleni

ososayensi Hellenic Usufike phezulu kakhulu. Ukunqoba Roman akazange uphazamisa izifundo zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, nahlulele by ubufakazi bezimo, Aristarh Samossky 18 eminyaka ngaphambi uCopernicus bahlakulele heliocentric uhlelo zomhlaba. Kuzo zonke lezi izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ososayensi Hellenic wasiza ohlelweni lwabo lokubhala izinombolo.

Kodwa abantu abavamile, njengo- kuthi nje abahwebi, uhlelo Ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu: ukuyisebenzisa, kwakudingekile ukukhumbula amanani ezinombolo ka 27 izinhlamvu (esikhundleni amagugu kwamanani izinhlamvu 10 ezifundisa abafundi eziphambili). Ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho uhlelo lula ngokuthi i-Attica (Attica - Greece esifundeni, ngesikhathi esisodwa wayengumholi esifundeni ngokuvamile, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuhweba zesifunda zasolwandle, iyinhloko-dolobha ye Attica kwakungamadodana Athens ezidumile). Kulesi simiso, izinhlamvu ngazinye ziye designated izinombolo kuphela eyodwa, ezinhlanu, eziyishumi, ikhulu, inkulungwane ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange izinhlamvu eziyisithupha - abayikho lula kakhulu ukuba akhumbule ini futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu izibalo abahwebi namanje hhayi kukhiqizwa.

zesi-Roman

Futhi uhlelo inombolo, futhi umlando izinombolo esikweni lamaRoma asendulo, futhi ngokuyisisekelo emlandweni wesayensi iwukuqhutshwa umlando Hellenic. Njengoba uhlelo isisekelo Attica sathathwa, nje izinhlamvu Hellenic indawo Latin futhi ungeze isiqu ahlukene ayisihlanu, anamakhulu mahlanu. Kulesi izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi e azibhala yakhe ososayensi baqhubeka ukukhiqiza amarekhodi uhlelo Hellenic ka 27 izinhlamvu (futhi ngokuvamile azibhala abhalwe Hellenic).

izinombolo Roman ukuqopha uhlelo ayikwazi ngokuthi ephelele kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, kuba bakudala okungaphezu Russian ubudala. Kodwa ngokomlando, namanje uphila par Arabhu (okuthiwa) izibalo. Futhi khumbula lesi simiso okunye, akudingekile ukuba kuphele ukuyisebenzisa. Kahle kahle, lokhu ngokuvamile okhonjiswe Arabhu zesi ezinombolweni ezibalula inani, futhi Roman - ukulandelana.

Greater okusungulile Indian lasendulo

Izibalo esiwasebenzisa namuhla, lalivela e-India. Akwaziwa lapho indaba izinombolo kanye nenombolo uhlelo wenze lesi sokwenza emangalisayo, kodwa, kungenzeka, kungakadluli ekhulwini V ngemva Kristu. ngokuvamile kugcizelelwe ukuthi kwathiwa amaNdiya baye bahlakulela umqondo weguncu. Lo mqondo wayaziwa zezibalo nakwezinye izizwe, kodwa ngempela nje uhlelo avunyelwe amaNdiya ukuze ulifake ngokugcwele ngento zezibalo, futhi kungakho kulesi sibalo.

Distribution kohlelo Indian of numeration Emhlabeni

Kucatshangwa ekhulwini IX Indian izibalo waboleka Arabhu. Nakuba abantu baseYurophu disparage ifa lasendulo, kanti kwezinye izindawo ngesikhathi esisodwa walibhubhisa ngisho ngamabomu njengoba Arabhu yobuqaba impumelelo siyazise we amaGreki namaRoma asendulo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokunqoba kwabo waba lezimpahla izinguqulo esishisayo abalobi basendulo olimini lwesi-Arabhu. Ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa amapheshana nososayensi Arab baseYurophu medieval baphinde ifa yongqondongqondo basendulo. Kanye nalezi azibhala weza netinombolo Indian, okuyinto yaziwa ngokuthi Arab eYurophu. Azizange wavumela phezulu, ngoba abantu abaningi ababengenandaba akwaziwa kahle kuka LamaRoma. Kodwa kancane kancane adambise izibalo usebenzisa lezi uphawu ukunqoba loku ngobe bangati. Uhola amazwe aseYurophu anezimboni kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi okuthiwa zesi-Arabhu ukusakaza emhlabeni wonke futhi manje zisetshenziswa cishe yonke indawo.

Binary uhlelo inani lwamakhompyutha yesimanje

Njengoba sekunama-computer Kancane kancane wangenza ukujika abalulekile ezindaweni eziningi ubuchwepheshe. Ingabe akukho umlando ngaphandle izinombolo kanye nenombolo izinhlelo. Izithombe i-computer yokuqala ufana kancane kudivayisi yesimanje, qapha ufunda lesi sihloko, kodwa umsebenzi bobabili kusekelwe kanambambili notation, ikhodi ehlanganisa kuphela amaqanda futhi abathandekayo. nokho uhlala amangazayo ulwazi abavamile ukuthi inhlanganisela izinhlamvu ezimbili nje (empeleni isignali noma ukungamthandi kwakhe) angakhiqiza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo (uma uhlelo okuhambisanayo) ukuhumusha inombolo zamadesimali inombolo uhlelo izinombolo kanambambili,-hexadecimal, shestidesyatishestirichnoy futhi yiluphi olunye uhlelo. Futhi ngosizo a ezifana ikhodi kanambambili esikrinini ukuboniswa lesi sihloko, eveza umlando izinombolo kanye uhlelo nombolo impucuko ezahlukene emlandweni.