Umndeni Ural Ulimi: Ulimi typology

Ural umndeni ulimi kuyinto ehlukile umndeni ezimele ulimi. Isibalo izilimi abathwali fanele kuze lo xuku cishe amabili nanhlanu kwesigidi abantu, ikakhulukazi ayehlala e-teritorrii North-Western Europe.

Isimo izilimi Uralic

Ulimi obujwayelekile Ural Hungarian, isiFinnish, Estonia, okuyizinto tilwimi Hungary, Finland kanye Estonia, ngokulandelana, futhi e-European Union. I nezinye izilimi Ural, ngenombolo enkulu abathwali - ulimi Erzya, Moksha, iMari, Isi-Udmurt futhi Komi, okuyinto ngokomthetho ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseRussia.

Igama elithi "ulimi Ural umndeni" sivela yokuthi endaweni lapho abakhulumi letilwimi, itholakala nhlangothi zombili yezintaba zase-Ural. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekhaya yayo yasekuqaleni (noma kakhokho) is ngokwesiko kubhekwe ukuba insimu eduze Urals.

Igama elithi "Finno-Ugric" ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa lapho bekhuluma Urals, nakuba zinezikhwepha kuphela ingxenye yomkhaya ulimi, futhi akufaki izilimi Samoyed. Ososayensi abahlole i abayamukeli embonweni oyisiko ukuthi izilimi Samoyed ayingxenye isakhi Urals, ukuphakamisa ngakususi kulokhu umndeni. Ngokwesibonelo, usosayensi Finnish Tapani Salminen uyazicabangela migomo ezimbili womabili.

Yegatsha omkhaya ulimi Ural

izilimi Ural - umndeni ulimi, okubandakanya kwamagatsha amabili:

• Finno-Ugric;
• Samoyed.

Budebuduze naleli Finno-Ugric futhi Samoyed izilimi ezifakiwe E. Setälä. Ososayensi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi esikhathini eside esidlule we Ural ulimi-base futhi ukubonakala kwalo Finno-Ugric futhi Samoyed izilimi. Nakuba inkulumo ethi "Uralic" likhona isayensi isikhathi eside, ukutadisha Finno-Ugric futhi Samoyed izilimi Kwenziwa ngokuvamile todvwa, kanye voluminous more welithi "Uralic", kusekhona igatsha ngokolimi ngokuthi "Finno-Ugric" okuyinto iveze Finno-Ugric izilimi.

Ukwahlukaniswa izilimi Uralic

Ukwahlukaniswa yendabuko izilimi Uralic e khona kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Yena waletha Richard Donner. Model ngezigaba Doner uyawuthanda ukulandisa njalo ngokuphelele noma ingxenye kuma-encyclopedia, wabahlinzeki nezinhlolovo umndeni Ural. Donner imodeli simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

Finno-Ugric iqembu:

1. Ugric izilimi, phakathi kwabo:

• Hungarian;
• Ob-Ugric (ob Ugrs);
• izilimi Khanty-Mansi.

2. Finno-Permian (Permian-Finnish) izilimi:

• Permian (Isi-Udmurt);
• Finnish-iVolga (Finnish-Mari);
• IVolga-Finnic;
• Mari;
• Mordovia.

3. Finno-Sami;

• ka-Finnish;
• Sami.

Ezikhathini izilimi Donner Samoyed Namanje kahle eyaziwa, futhi wayengasakwazi ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga esifundweni. Njengoba kwaziwa, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, laba bantu ababhekana nakho ukuze kokuhlolisisa. Esikhathini amagama omkhaya ulimi Ural iyonke, igama "leqembu Finno-Ugric" futhi isasetshenziswa namuhla lapho bekhuluma wonke umndeni. Finno-Ugric futhi Samoyed izilimi zimi amagatsha eyinhloko umndeni Ural.

Yini abantu emndenini ulimi Ural?

Abantu abaningi kakhulu abakhuluma izilimi omkhaya Ural kukhona abantu baseHungary. Izikhulumi aboMdabu we ulimi Hungarian - mayelana pyatnadtsami million. I Finns futhi basonta abantu Ural, labantu Finland - abangaba yizigidi eziyisithupha abantu. Base-Estonia ababehlala eNtshonalanga Yurophu, futhi ukukhuluma Finno-Ugric izilimi (legatsha Baltic) futhi basonta abantu Ural. Zonke lezi zilimi sibe nobuhlobo impela we lucebe, okuyinto uzoba Iyisisekelo ngokolimi ngokuthi umkhaya ulimi Ural. Nations ephinde laleli legatsha ngokolimi, mancane eziningi.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuba Mari, izizwe Erzya futhi Komi, Udmurtia. Zonke ezinye izilimi Ugric kukhona on the esengozini yokuqothulwa. Ikakhulukazi umehluko omkhulu kule Ural ulimi lesinthekisi isiqondiso. Ural ulimi umkhaya - kuyinto ngempela ahlukahlukene futhi ngokwendawo legatsha olubanzi ulimi eYurophu. Syntax futhi lolimi izilimi Uralic abhekwa nzima kakhulu ukufunda ngoba sihluke kakhulu izilimi zaseYurophu.