Kumiswa, Imfundo yesibili nezikole
Umbhali we Isivuvu. Mshini nemiphumela kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini
ngempucuko yesimanje ine ngemvelo kwethonya elinamandla. Njengomthetho, omubi. Kwamahlathi, amanzi kwamaxhaphozi futhi unomphela emkhathini omningi izinto eziyingozi - lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele the "izimfanelo" lwesintu. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kulesi sigaba kungokwalabo Isivuvu. Ingabe bonke ngempela?
Imininingwane zomlando
I Singularity yalo msebenzi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuthi Fourier kubhekwe lokushisa nezici zezulu izingxenye ezahlukene Zomhlaba. Yilokho kwaba nombhali Isivuvu, okuyinto okokuqala wakwazi ukuchazela isipiliyoni Saussure.
experiment Saussure
Ukuze uqinisekise lokho abakutholile, ososayensi esetshenziswa isipiliyoni M. de Saussure, esebenzisa esitsheni, embozwe umule kusuka ngaphakathi, intamo yaso imbozwe ingilazi. De Saussure ukubeka ukuhlolwa, futhi phakathi naleso ngokuqhubekayo kulinganiswa lokushisa ngaphakathi namabhange ngaphandle. Yiqiniso, njalo anda ivolumu yangaphakathi. Okokuqala Fourier wakwazi ukuchaza lesi simo sibangelwa isenzo elihlangene izici ezimbili: Ukuvinjwa of ukudluliswa ukushisa futhi izindonga ezahlukene ayesisebenzisa permeability ngoba imisebe yokukhanya nge banemibono engafani.
indlela yayo ulula: Ukushisa kwamanzi lokushisa inyuka, ukukhanya ebonakalayo ugxile iqala echichima ukushisa. Njengoba indaba ngokuphelele okuhambisa ukukhanya ebonakalayo, kodwa neze uqhuba ukushisa, mithandazo zanqwabelana ivolumu yangaphakathi bomkhumbi. Njengoba ubona, lo mshini Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini kalula ukulungisiswa wonke umuntu oye wafunda inkambo esezingeni physics esikoleni esiphakeme. Lo mkhuba ilula ngokwanele, kodwa kangakanani usizi olubuletha iplanethi yethu!
Ukuvela kwegama elithi
Kuwufanele ukwazi ukuthi Zhozef Fure - nombhali Isivuvu ngokuya incazelo yayo yasekuqaleni izincwadi. Kodwa abenyukela ethemini ngokwayo? Maye, sinalo ngokuqinisekile ngeke uthole impendulo yalo mbuzo. Ngo kamuva izincwadi mkhuba, okuyinto wavulwa Fourier lethiwa yesimanje. Namuhla, njalo sezemvelo owazi elithi "Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini".
Yebo, siye echazwe indlela bakudala yendlela ebukeka ngayo, kodwa isayensi yanamuhla eye angakwazanga ukufakazela ukuthi ezimweni ezivamile the IR-ray namanje nhlobo zandise ngalé komkhathi kwamaplanethi. Kangakanani ukuthi izindlela zemvelo "isizini Ukushisa" ukulungiswa elehlulekayo?
izizathu
Ngokuvamile, siye siwachaza ngokuningiliziwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko. Ukuvela zalesi simo kugqugquzelwa lezi zinto ezilandelayo:
- esivuthayo unomphela futhi ngokweqile izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
- Isibhakabhaka okwandisa amanani wale planethi amagesi zezimboni beze njalo ngonyaka.
- Amahlathi njalo ayanqunywa, endaweni yabo kwehliselwe ngenxa imililo kanye ukuphelelwa amandla kwenhlabathi.
- ukugaya anaerobic, i-methane kwekhabhoni kusuka phansi olwandle.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi "izinto" main, okuyinto ukuqala indlela kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, yilezi ezilandelayo amagesi ezinhlanu:
- Divalent-carbon monoxide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-carbon dioxide. Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini-50% inikezwa ngezindleko zayo.
- Carbon compounds chlorine futhi fluorine (25%).
- Nitrogen dioxide (8%). igesi enobuthi, libe yihlane ejwayelekile kabi ifakwe zamakhemikhali izimboni Metallurgical.
- Ground-level-ozone (7%). Naphezu indima yayo ebalulekile ekuvikeleni umhlaba ngokumelene ngokweqile UV ngemisebe kungenzeka lula ukuboshwa ukushisa phezulu.
- Cishe ngo-10% e-methane.
Lapho ukwenza lezi amagesi emkhathini? Uyini umphumela zabo?
- Carbon dioxide. It in inqwaba emkhathini, lapho abantu bashise zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ngokweqile yayo (ngenhla zemvelo) ezingeni ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ngenkuthalo kucekela phansi amahlathi. Umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa kanye njalo inqubo yokuba ugwadule kwamazwe evundile kuyashesha.
- chlorofluorocarbons. Njengoba sishilo kakade, zezakhi ukuhlinzeka-25% of the Amagesi. Izimbangela nemiphumela zalesi simo kufundvwe isikhathi eside impela. Esimweni zingabantu ngenxa ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, akusebenzi ikakhulukazi. refrigerants Kuyingozi futhi ezinobuthi aqukethe lezi izinto in a inqwaba, futhi izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba ukuvuza yabo ngokucacile unganikeli umphumela kulindeleke. Imiphumela ngokubukeka kwabo okwesabisayo nakakhulu:
- Okokuqala, zinobuthi kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni, futhi izitshalo endaweni nge sasekhaya futhi chlorine akusizi kakhulu.
- Okwesibili, lezi izinto kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukusheshisa Isivuvu.
- Okwesithathu, ukubhubhisa ungqimba lwe-ozone, esivikela iplanethi kusuka nolaka emisebeni yelanga.
- methane. Omunye amagesi ezibaluleke kakhulu, lokuhlala eliphezulu okuyinto emkhathini kuhilela elithi "Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini". Kufanele wazi ukuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu nje edlule umthamo yayo emkhathini kule planethi kabili. Ngomqondo onabile, iningi isisindo sayo livela imithombo yemvelo ngokuphelele:
- Amasimu elayisi e-Asia.
- Imfuyo izakhiwo.
- Domestic imfucuza ukwelashwa amanzi zasemizaneni ezinkulu.
- Lapho ukuwohloka futhi yokubola udaba eziphilayo ezindaweni ezijulileyo emaxhaphozini, landfills.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi isamba esikhulu methane kwekhabhoni zivela ekujuleni izilwandle. Mhlawumbe lesi simanga kungenxa msebenzi obalulekile amakoloni enkulu amagciwane okuyiwona methane main leyavela umzimba.
Kuyadingeka ukuba agcizelele 'umnikelo "ekuthuthukiseni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini phezu ingxenye abakhiqizi uwoyela: isamba esikhulu igesi adedelwa emkhathini njengoba leyavela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yanda uwoyela befilimu kolwandle nakho kunomthelela noqhekeko yashesha of udaba eziphilayo, okuyinto kuhambisana ekushayweni methane.
- Nitric oxide. Yenqwaba izithombe ezimbonini eziningi zamakhemikhali. Kuyingozi hhayi kuphela iqhaza eziningi ezisebenzayo mshini abamba ukushisa. Iqiniso, ukuthi lapho kuhlangene amanzi asemkhathini, le nto lwakha nitric acid likhona, ngisho lokuhlala aphansi. Kuyinto lapha zivela zonke nemvula ene-asidi, okuyinto nomthelela omubi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu.
zimo echazwa sezulu perturbations global
Ngakho iziphi imiphumela global Isivuvu? Kunzima ukusho ngokuqinisekile, ngoba ososayensi zisekhona kude siphetfo lesicacile. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo zimo ezimbalwa. Ukuthuthukisa onobuhle ikhompyutha acabangele abaningi ezicini ezihlukahlukene ukuthi ungasheshisa noma ukubambezela yonke Isivuvu. Ake sibheke yelikhono le nqubo:
- Ukuba Wedwa yamagesi ezichazwe ngenhla yi zobuchwepheshe yizenzo zabantu.
- Emkhathini CO 2 ngenxa yokubola ezishisayo hydrocarbon zemvelo. Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi uqweqwe kuyiplanethi yethu iqukethe carbon dioxide ezikhathini 50,000 ezingaphezu kuka emoyeni. Yiqiniso, kuyinto nakanjani amakhemikhali-carbon monoxide.
- Njengoba imiphumela esemqoka ye Isivuvu - okwandisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye emoyeni phezu luphakanyiswa ukuhwamuka umswakama ebusweni izilwandle nasolwandle. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho eziwohlokayo ngaphezulu umoya permeability ukuze amaza okushisa.
- Ngo izilwandle iqukethe mayelana 140 isigidintathu amathani isikhutha, okubangela lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi futhi uqala ngokushesha ukubaleka emkhathini, sandla abamba ukushisa inqubo ashukumisayo ngaphezulu.
- Ukuwa kwe-reflectivity le planethi, okuholela kusheshisa kulinga ukufudumeza nomkhathi wawo. Lokhu lula ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa futhi ugwadule.
Yiziphi izici ziphazamise ukuthuthukiswa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini?
Qaphela: okushiwo Isivuvu siwukwenyuka ukuze kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa isiyonke surface eMhlabeni. Yiqiniso, akukho lutho okuhle ngawo, kodwa kwaba lezi zici bavame ukunezela nokunciphisa imiphumela yalesi simo. Empeleni, lo Yingakho ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isihloko indaba yesivuvu jikelele idinga ngokwayo ubhekwa njengesilwane esisengcupheni engokwemvelo ngokuphelele ukuthi wonke umlando Zomhlaba iphutha njalo.
Ayanda simo esishubile, ayanda kuba imvula yonyaka. Lokhu kubangela kokubili emaxhaphozini yokutakula nokukhula esasizosheshisa izitshalo, okuyinto unomthwalo kabusha ngokweqile carbon dioxide emkhathini emhlabeni. Futhi kulindeleke ukuthi esengeziwe imvula esikhathini esizayo kuyoba nesandla ukwanda okuphawulekayo we engxenyeni yolwandle engajulile ezishisayo.
Kwamakhorali ezihlala kuzo, abaluleke kakhulu imfucuza ukushisa-carbon dioxide. Njengoba eboshiwe amakhemikhali, ukwakha amathambo abo. Ekugcineni, uma isintu kancane ukuze sinciphise izinga lokutholakala kwengculazi kwamahlathi, endaweni labo elibuyiselwe angabacwasi ngokushesha, njengoba okufanayo carbon dioxide kuyinto ivuselela kakhulu isabelo sokwaba izitshalo. Ngakho iziphi engaba kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini?
zimo ukhiye ikusasa lembulunga yethu
Esimweni sokuqala, abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi indaba yesivuvu jikelele idinga kuyoba kancane. Futhi kusukela lo mbono has abalandeli abaningi. Bakholelwa ukuthi izilwandle zomhlaba, lapho inkulu amandla accumulator, isikhathi eside uzokwazi amunca ukushisa okweqile. Kungathatha ezingaphezu kweyodwa yeminyaka ngaphambi sezulu emhlabeni zizoshintsha ngempela kakhulu.
Ngakho, kulesi simo, Isivuvu emkhathini hle sindise enkingeni ebulalayo zonke izakhamuzi ezindaweni ezisogwini.
I ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi kolwandle
Iqiniso lokuthi ezifana lokushisa anomalies zigcwele ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange kakhulu futhi cishe ezingalindelekile e kolwandle global. Ngakho, kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku 2005. babengamaphesenti 4 cm, nakuba ososayensi elwela lathi omunye akufanele silindele ahlule yebhangqa ngamasentimitha. Uma konke uyaqhubeka e ngesivinini lesifanako, ekupheleni 21 kolwandle global bekhulu kuyoba okungenani 88-100 cm amazinga zanamuhla. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-100 kule planethi yethu ukuphila nje ngezithuba 87-88 cm phezu kogu lolwandle.
Ukunciphisa reflectivity of ebusweni iplanethi
Lapho senza wabhala ngalokho kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, isihloko okukhulunywe ngazo kaningi ukuthi kuvusa okunye ukwehliswa kwezintela reflectivity we ebusweni Zomhlaba, esizwa kwamahlathi ugwadule.
Abacwaningi abaningi basikisela ukuthi cap ice ku izigxobo kunganciphisa izinga lokushisa jikelele planethi okungenani ezimbili degrees, kanye ice ihlanganisa kwamanzi polar kuvimbela kakhulu inqubo ejection emkhathini carbon dioxide ne-methane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndawo ye-polar yiqhwa ngokuvamile banesikhathi umhwamuko ezizokhuthaza kakhulu Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini global.
Konke lokhu kungenxa kanjalo kuyoyithinta umjikelezo wamanzi womhlaba jikelele tornado imvamisa, eyinqaba force yayo ebulalayo iziphepho kanye neziphepho kuzokwanda izikhathi eziningana, okwenza kube cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba abantu abahlala ngisho kulezo zindawo okuyizinto lelikhashane kakhulu emikhawulweni ulwandle. Ngeshwa, ukudluliswa amanzi kuzoholela buyinto okuphambene. Namuhla, isomiso ziyinkinga 10% embulungeni yonke, futhi esikhathini esizayo inani kulezo zindawo lingase kahle avuke ngokushesha 35-40%. Kuyinto nethemba esidabukisayo kunazo zonke esintwini.
Ukuze izwe lethu, isib Kulokhu, lapho izindawo ezingconywana. Sezulu bakholelwa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu insimu ka Russia kuyoba ofanele ngempela kwezolimo evamile, isimo sezulu kuyoba onomoya omnene kakhulu. Yiqiniso, iningi ezindaweni ezisogwini (futhi sinesizathu eziningi) umane ukugcwalisa.
Ezinye zezibalo abanamathela kuyinkolelo-mbono (eyenziwe, vele) ukuthi Isivuvu Emhlabeni kuzoholela yokuthi iminyaka 20-30 sezulu e-Europe akazange abe kunakwezinye ezweni lethu. Futhi zisikisela ukuthi ukufudumala uzoqhubeka ngemva kwalokho, ngumbhalo elichazwa samuntu yesibili.
isiphetho
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa izibikezelo ezinhle yesayensi akuzona eziningi kangaka. Omunye nje ukuba iplanethi yethu indlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinzima eyinkimbinkimbi kunathi ukucabanga. Mhlawumbe imiphumela enjalo ngeshwa kungagwenywa.
Similar articles
Trending Now