Umuntu owasungula le ndlela engalawuliwe of kwengqondo Breyer Yozef: Biography, imisebenzi kanye namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Breyer Yozef - udokotela wase-Australia futhi physiologist, okuyinto Freud sasho nabanye ngokuthi umsunguli psychoanalysis. Wakwazi abagulayo zinezimpawu usinga ngemva kokuba Hypnotized ukumsiza ukukhumbula izici ezingajabulisi zokuya esikhathini esidlule. Wakhuluma indlela yakhe futhi imiphumela Freud sasho, wamnika iziguli zabo.

Yozef Breyer: Biography

Owazalwa 01.15.1842 e Vienna, wafike wafela khona 20/06/1925. Ubaba Yozefa Leopold (1791-1872) waba uprofesa wenkolo olwasetshenziswa saseVienna emphakathini wamaJuda. Breuer wazichaza ngokuthi 'isizukulwane East amaJuda Europe, owaqala baphuma ghetto bokusungula emoyeni waseNtshonalanga. "

Unina washona lapho eneminyaka emine, futhi neminyaka yokuqala yokuphila Breyer Yozef wachitha nogogo wakhe. Ubaba bamfundisa eziyisishiyagalombili, bese engena Academic sokuzivocavoca Vienna, iziqu ngo 1858. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngemuva kokuphumelela inkambo imfundo University, Yozef Breyer waya esikoleni sobudokotela e-University of Vienna kanye iziqu nokwelapha e 1867. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngokushesha emva ukuhlolwa, waba udokotela umsizi Johann Oppolzer. Lapho efa ngo-1871, Breuer waqala umkhuba wakhe siqu.

Kuhle Vienna udokotela

Ngo-1875, Breuer baba likaprofesa yokwelapha. Wasula ekubeni esikhundleni sakhe Julayi 7, 1885, njengoba unqatshelwe ukufinyelela isiguli nezinjongo yokufunda. Wabuye wenqabela udokotela ohlinzayo Billroth ukuphakamisa kwakhe sesihloko woprofesa. Ubuhlobo wayo esisemthethweni uphiko lokuqeqeshela ezokwelapha babe onezinkinga ngakho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Breuer iye waqaphela njengesinye odokotela best nososayensi eVienna. Umsebenzi baba isithakazelo sakhe esikhulu, futhi nakuba ayeke ngokuthi kwayena "ibhuku elisetshenziswa ngokwabelana", wayeyilokho namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi i-Umeluleki. Abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye idumela Breuer anganika yokuthi kwakukhona osolwazi eziningi Faculty, kanye Freud sasho futhi Undunankulu wase-Hungary phakathi iziguli zakhe. Ngo-1894 wakhethwa ukuba Vienna Academy of Sciences, ngesiphakamiso sokuba amalungu wawo ovelele kakhulu, isazi sesayensi yemvelo Ernsta Maha futhi physiologists Evalda Geringa futhi Sigmund Exner.

ukuphila Siqu

May 20, 1868 Breyer Yozef washada Matilda Altmann, wamzalela izingane ezinhlanu: Robert uBertha Hammershlyag Margaret Schiff, Hans noDora. indodakazi Breuer sika Dora wazibulala engasafuni ingagxili kanzima ngamaNazi. Babulala umzukulu wakhe uHana Breuer Schiff. Zonke ezinye inzalo yakhe uhlala e-England, eCanada nase-United States.

imisebenzi yesayensi

Breyer Yozef wafunda imithi eVienna futhi wathola iziqu zakhe e 1864. Watadisha physiology thermoregulation nokuphefumula kwezimila (Hering-Breuer reflex). Ngo-1871 waqala umkhuba wakhe eVienna. Ngesikhathi esifanayo olwenziwa ucwaningo kwi umsebenzi zengaphakathi lendlebe (Mach-Breuer imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukugeleza uketshezi endolymphatic). Ukuba udokotela e 1874, wabuyela izifundo zakhe ngo-1884.

Breuer wayengumngane udokotela umndeni amanye amalungu Othisha College of Vienna nasemphakathini inhlokodolobha eziphakeme. Wayelokhu i ukuxhumana ne abaculi, abalobi, izazi zefilosofi, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nozakwabo ensimini yakho, futhi ngo-1894 wakhethwa ilungu ohambelana we-Academy of Sciences.

umahluleli Good wefilosofi, Breyer Yozef wayenesithakazelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ulwazi kanye theory izisekelo kaDarwin, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa iqhaza lakhe kule ngqungquthela ngo-1902 futhi ukushintshana tinhlavu uFranz von Brentano. Wayengumuntu ngokuzimisela ezingxoxweni mayelana izisekelo ngezombusazwe kanye imibono evamile, kanye ngezinto yobuciko, izincwadi kanye nomculo.

Njengoba umJuda ukukhanyiselwa futhi yamukeleke, wathatha uhlobo pantheism, baye phezu Goethe futhi Gustav Teodora Fehnera. Maxim yathe ayeyithanda wayethi Spinoza Suum Esse conservare ( «Londoloza khona"). Wayelethwa isenkingeni ifomu zokungathembisisi, kulandela uWilliam Makepeace Thackeray, "idemoni" kodwa "ukuthi emvimba noma yimuphi ulwazi esisanda kuluthola. Ngenxa ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwesikhathi umlando imibono, umlando nezimo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe inkathi yakhe, kanye ngenxa yezizathu ezihlobene nokuphila kwakhe, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi kwaba nzima ukuthatha izenzo womuntu ongabazisayo.

Ngesisekelo lesi sifundo ukuze Breuer e zomzimba ukuthola ubudlelwano phakathi lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti, futhi ngaleyo ndlela embule ifomu teleological ngesicelo. Yayithanda inqubo esemthethweni ngesimo ukuzithiba izindlela. Ngokungafani eziningi physiologists ku okuthiwa ukunyakaza biofizikalistov, liphefumulelwe Ernst Brücke, Hermann von Helmholtz futhi Du Bois-Reymond, Breuer bakholwa neo-vitalism.

ekuqaleni psychoanalysis

Eminyakeni 1880-1882 yena owayephatha kabi intokazi nesineke Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.), owahlupheka ukukhwehlela kwemizwa kanye nezinye izimpawu eziningi akahlanye (ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo, amehlo izinguquko uthi ukwazi, ukuphazamiseka visual, ukukhubazeka kanye nesimo sokuquleka, aphasia). Phakathi nezingxoxo ezinde udokotela nabadlali bakhe babone ukuthi ezinye izenzo sifo wanyamalala lapho izinkumbulo ukubonakaliswa yabo yokuqala, futhi sebekwazi nokuzala ezihambisana sithinta usubuyiselwe. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka ngesikhathi esithile e nokuguqulwa uthi avtogipnoticheskih. Ngokusekelwe lokhu, ekuqaleni ngengozi, isiguli udokotela ukuthuthukisa inqubo ehlelekile lapho izimpawu umuntu kancane kancane wakhumbula oda reverse ngokulandelana aze iyanyamalala ngemuva kabusha egcwele yesehlakalo sokuqala. Ngezinye izikhathi phakathi yokwelapha esetshenziswa kokulutheka yokufakelwa, uma isiguli wayengekho esimweni self-hypnosis.

Phakathi ukwelashwa okudingekayo yokuhlala unomphela Anna O. umtholampilo eduze Vienna ngenxa kwengozi nesineke ukuzibulala. Naphezu esobala impumelelo okungalindelekile indlela, ezinye izenzo sifo bahlala. Lezi zihlanganisa ingubo ukukhohlwa ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko zesikhashana kanye neuralgia eqinile trigeminal, okuyinto edingekayo ukwelashwa nge-morphine kungakwenza umlutha. Ngenxa lezi zimpawu, Breuer okubhekiselwe okunye ukwelashwa kudokotela Lyudvigu Binsvangeru e Bellevue sibhedlela Kreuzlingen ngoJulayi 1882. Ubethula kukhishelwa ngo-Okthoba, nge ngcono, kodwa hhayi belashwa ngokuphelele.

Hlanganyela Freud

Ngo 1882, Breyer Yozef okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla amacala nge uzakwabo Freud sasho, owayeneminyaka engu-14 junior yakhe. Ngemva yokugcina waqala wezinzwa sisebenza, uvele ihlolwe le ndlela ku iziguli zabo. Kususelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela sikaCharcot, Pierre UJanet, Mobius, Ippolita Bernhayma nabanye, baye ngokuhlanganyela athuthukile ngesisekelo ezincwadini ukusebenza apharathasi ngemilingo futhi izinqubo zokwelapha, okwathiwa "indlela ye-catharsis," okubhekisela emhlabathini imibono ka-Aristotle mayelana nenhlekelele umsebenzi (catharsis njengoba yayifuna kanjalo imizwa izilaleli ).

Ngo 1893, banyathelisa umbiko kwangaphambilini "On the indlela nezingokwengqondo imihlola akahlanye". Eminyakeni emibili kamuva ke kwalandelwa "Izifundo Hysteria", "legumbi of psychoanalysis", wabeka izisekelo emkhakheni wezifo zengqondo. Leli phephandaba has a isahluko enikelwe theory (Breyer), omunye yokwelapha ozinikele (Freud), futhi uma kwenzeka imilando ezinhlanu (Anna O., Emmy von N., Katarina, Lucy R., Elizabeth von R.).

Ukunakekela psychoanalysis

Freud baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuhlabelela ngenkathi usebenza kanye Breuer (nezifo zengqondo zokuzivikela, khulula of association). Josef awuzange ayeqiniseka isidingo accentuation okukhethekile yezici ngokobulili nozakwabo bebona isibonakaliso isixwayiso lamabutho. Ngo-1895, ibanga elibahlukanisile yanda, okwaholela ekupheleni ukusebenzisana kwabo.

Ukuqhubeka benesithakazelo ukuthuthukiswa theory psychoanalytic, indlela engalawuliwe Breyer Yozef yehlile. kamuva Freud aphakanyisiwe umbono wokuthi ekwelapheni Anna O. ukuthi ngokuphazima kweso kuphazamisekile ngenxa kokudluliswa eqinile zocansi, kulandelwa sokukhulelwa akahlanye nokubeletha. Le nguqulo izenzakalo kabusha by Freud futhi Ernest Jones ezivamile, phakathi kwezinye izinto, asikwazi ukumelana kokuhlolisisa zomlando. imizamo yamuva Okuningi ukukhombisa ukuthi incazelo endabeni Anna O. kwaba ukukhwabanisa, amaqiniso ezingazange zenziwe isipele.

ubuntu enemisebenzi

Yozef Breyer ayenobungane eziningi nezihlakaniphi bhá isikhathi sakhe. Wayeqhuba singesihambelanayo isikhathi eside Brentano, waba umngane oseduze imbongi Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach nabangane nge Mach, ayehlangana nabo phakathi izifundo zengaphakathi lendlebe. umbono Breuer ku imibuzo etemibhalo zefilosofi, ngokusobala, wajabulela nenhlonipho ububanzi. Breyer Babekhuluma izilima ezinigi: isibonelo, ekwelapheni Anna O. isikhathi eside lwenziwe ngesiNgisi. Ububanzi nokujula izidingo zakhe kwamasiko nje njengoba engavamile futhi ezibalulekile, kanye impumelelo yayo kwezempilo nezesayensi.

Yozef Breyer: amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Ngemva isiguli sakhe Anne G. kwakhiwa okunamathiselwe eqinile nalokho, bethwele nocansi evelele, Breyer Yozef umsebenzi kwengqondo, ezidinga ukuxhumana ngqo ezigulini elivulela Freud sika.
• Breuer wathola ukuthi kuphakama ngenxa izinqubo enganakile izimpawu Neurotic, uhambe lapho esazi.
• Zigmund Freyd izimpumelelo kwengqondo okudingekayo ukuze Breuer, ngubani wamethula ezitholwe zakhe, wamupha iziguli zabo.
• Ngo-1868, nguye owachaza lesi reflex Hering-Breuer, ubani ohilelekile ukulawula ephefumula futhi imuncwe ngesikhathi ukuphefumula evamile.
• Ngo-1873 Breuer wavula umsebenzi ezinzweni ongaphambili omise emiseleni bony uxhaxha of endlebeni kanye nobuhlobo babo ne ua space, kanti nge siwe kalula.
• Ngo intando yakhe, wazwakalisa isifiso sakhe ukuba sebefile, futhi kwenziwa.