Yiziphi ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane?

Nsuku zonke sithatha lokho ezinye izinto: uzithatha esandleni, enze noma isiphi zokukhwabanisa kubo - Pheqa, cabanga phela iyehlukana. Wake wacabanga ukuthi yini liqukethe lezi zinto? "Kuyini ngempela kukhona ukucabanga mayelana? Ngoba metal / ukhuni / plastic / Indwangu!" - Impendulo wadida abaningi kithi. Ngokwengxenye kuba lengiyo. Futhi ngenxa yalokho lezi zinto - metal, ipulangwe, ipulasitiki, Indwangu kanye nezinye izinto eziningi? Namuhla sizoxoxa ngale ndaba.

Mpilo futhi athomu: sokunquma

A onolwazi umuntu impendulo ilula futhi banal: zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane. Kodwa abanye abantu abadidwa bese uqale ngisisho ngekhanda off imibuzo: "? Yiziphi ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane ukwenza Babukeka njengezihlahla" njll, njll Izimpendulo zale mibuzo ukuze. Nokho, okokuqala, ukuthi la ma-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane? Uzokutshela zisuka ukuthi incazelo - hhayi into efanayo. Futhi nakakhulu - kungcono imibandela eyehlukile ngokuphelele. Ngakho, i-athomu - kuyinto okuyingxenye kencani yesici zamakhemikhali, okuyinto esiphathiswa impahla yayo, le kuyizinhlayiyana izidakamizwa isisindo okuncane kanye nosayizi. I-molecule - kuyinto kagesi kuyizinhlayiyana kokungathathi hlangothi ezakhiwe eziningana oxhumene okuyinto ngezibopho covalent ukuzulazula kwama-athomu.

Uyini athomu: isakhiwo

Atom kuhlanganisa igobolondo electron futhi le nuclei-athomu (isithombe). Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, i-nucleus siqukethe proton kanye neutrons, negobolondo - we-electron. I kahle icala athomu proton, ama-electron - ezimbi, kanti neutrons kungukuthi icala nhlobo. Uma isibalo proton elihambisana inani electron, athomu kuyinto kagesi hlangothi, ngamanye amazwi, uma thina thinta ukuze into kwakheka izinhlayiya zishintshe nge la ma-athomu ungazizwa kancane ishayela kagesi. Futhi ngisho amakhompyutha yakhe ezisindayo-duty awukuthelelwanga ngenxa yokungabi bikho lakamuva. Kodwa-ke ukuthi ama-proton ezingaphezu kuka-electron, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Khona-ke labo ngama-athomu kungaba efanele ukubiza ion. Uma it has proton kakhudlwana, kuba kagesi omuhle, uma ubuswa electron - kagesi ezimbi. athomu ngalinye linenani esiqinile esiqondile proton, neutron nama-electron. Futhi kungaba ibalwe. Isifanekiso ukuhlangabezana kwezinselele zokuthola inani lalezi zinhlobo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

Chem. element - R (faka igama elementi)
I-proton (p) -?
Amaelectrons (e) -?
Neutrons (n) -?
isixazululo:
p = Ref № Chem. R isici ohlelweni zesikhathi DI Mendeleev
f = p
n = A _{r (R)} - № _R

Iyini i-molecule: isakhiwo

Mpilo - the kuyizinhlayiyana ezincane kunazo zonke i-ikhemikhali, okusho ukuthi kakade ngqo kufakwe ngezithako zawo. Mpilo izidakamizwa ethize siqukethe ama-athomu amaningi afanayo noma ehlukile. Izici isakhiwo yezinhlayiya kuxhomeke Izakhiwo efana lapho zikhona. La ma-molecule aqukethe electron futhi ama-athomu. indawo yokugcina ingatholakala ngosizo ifomula kwesakhiwo. Isakhiwo engqamuzaneni ukunquma inkambo ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Ngokuvamile yokuthi abathathi hlangothi (abanalo kagesi), abasenakuphumula electron ayibhangqiwe (zonke valences igcwele). Nokho, zingabekwa icala, bese igama lakhe efanele - ion. Futhi, molecule kungaba electron ayibhangqiwe futhi valences unsaturated - kulokhu bebizwa ezizivelelayo.

isiphetho

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini i-athomu nokuthi yini engqamuzaneni. Wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, into eyakhiwa ama-molecule yokugcina, yena, wakha ama-athomu. Izakhiwo we ketshezi futhi ukucacisa indawo uxhumano zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane kuwo.