Kumiswa, Isayensi
Oxides Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie futhi nesoleobrazuyuschie
Oxides kukhona izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwala maphuzu amabili, enye yazo - oksijini isimo namachibi yesibili.
Esikhathini izincwadi chemical ngoba ngesilwane esifuywayo oxides abanamathela le mithetho elandelayo:
- Lapho amafomula ngokubhala mpilo ayebeka endaweni yesibili - CHA, Cao.
- Ishayela oxides, ekuqaleni njalo ukusebenzisa izwi oxide, ngemva kuwukuthi genitive yesibili igama ingxenye: Bao - oxide ne-barium yombala, K₂O - nitrous potassium.
- Uma kwenzeka lapho amalungu kuthathwa oxides ngaphezulu ngemva igama layo kubakaki abonisa isimo namachibi timphawu, isb N₂O₅ - oxide nitric (V), Fe₂O₃ - yensimbi oxide (II), Fe₂O₃ - yensimbi oxide (III).
- Ishayela oxides ezivamile ngempela kudingeka ubudlelwane ama-athomu ngalinye zesi-molecule uqoke elihambisana ngesiGreki: N₂O - nitrous dinitrogen, NO₂ - nitrogen dioxide, N₂O₅ - pentoxide dinitrogen, CHA - nitrogen monoxide.
- Inorganic acid anhydrides kuyatuseka ukubiza ngendlela efanayo njengoba oxides (isib N₂O₅ - oxide nitric (V)).
Oxides ingatholakala ngezindlela eziningana ezahlukene:
- Benziwa yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa izinto ezilula. izinto ezilula oxidized ngaphansi Ukushisa ngokuvamile ukudedela ukushisa nokukhanya. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi esivuthayo
C + O₂ = CO₂ - Ngenxa namachibi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi etholwe oxides izakhi okuyinto afakiwe ukubunjwa indaba kokuqala:
2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂ - noqhekeko we nitrate, hydroxides, carbonates:
2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
CaCO₃ = Cao + CO₂
Cu (OH) ₂ = Cuo + H₂O - Ngenxa namachibi metal oxides nezinye izakhi. ukusabela okufanayo kwakungamadodana metallothermy isisekelo - nokuvulwa izinsimbi kusuka oxides yabo nge metal ngaphezulu asebenzayo:
2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃ - Ngu yokubola ka oxides ephakeme noma namachibi we aphansi:
4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂
Ukwahlukanisa based oxides izakhiwo zabo chemical ziyabonisa futhi division yabo ku oxides usawoti-ukwakha futhi nesoleobrazuyuschie (ngabandayo). Salt-ukwakha oxides, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe esidi, eziyisisekelo kanye amphoteric.
I oxides main sihambisana isizinda. Ngokwesibonelo, Na₂O, Cao, MgO - oxides eziyisisekelo, ngoba sihambisana isizinda - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, MG (OH) ₂. Ezinye oxides (K₂O futhi CAO) kalula ukuxubana amanzi yakha isisekelo abafanele:
Cao + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂
K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH
Oxides of Fe₂O₃, Cuo, Ag₂O ngamanzi ungathathi ngamawala, kodwa acid is neutralized, lapho njengokunesidingo:
Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O
Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O
Ejwayelekile nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali yalolu hlobo oxides - abasabela ngayo nama-asidi, ngenxa okuyinto, njengoba umthetho, amanzi kukhiqizwa futhi usawoti:
Feo + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O
oxides Basic basabela futhi nge oxides esidi:
Cao + CO₂ = CaCO₃.
oxides esidi luhambisane acid, isibonelo, i-nitrous N₂O₃ okuhambelana nitric acid HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - perchloric acid, HClO₄, SO₃ - sulfuric acid H₂SO₄.
The main chemical impahla oxides ezinjalo Usabela yabo lezisekelo kwakhiwa usawoti namanzi:
2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O
oxides esidi Iningi basabela ngamanzi, obumba acid elihambisana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo SiO₂ oxide cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini, kodwa ngeke iwukudambisa base Ngakho-ke, kuyinto oxide esidi:
2NaOH + SiO₂ = (Fusion) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O
oxides Amphoteric - oxides wukuthi kuye ngokuthi izimo zibonisa izakhiwo esidi eziyisisekelo, ngamanye amazwi, by ukusabela nge acid sokuziphatha njengomncane oxides eziyisisekelo, futhi ukusabela lezisekelo - njengoba acid.
Akubona bonke oxides amphoteric uxhumana ngokulinganayo lezisekelo futhi acid. Abanye babe evelele izakhiwo eziyisisekelo, abanye - asidi.
Uma i-nitrous zinc noma chromium iyaphendula ngokulinganayo acid lezisekelo ke izindawo oxide Fe₂O₃ eziyisisekelo yibona.
I izakhiwo amphoteric oxides ZnO zikhonjiswe kulesi sibonelo:
ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O
ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O
oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie musa yakha noma asidi noma izisekelo (isibonelo, N₂O, CHA).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, aziyeki besabela ngendlela efanayo kulabo oxides usawoti-ukwakha. oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie bangase basabele nama-asidi noma alkalies, kodwa musa yakha imikhiqizo ayisibonelo salezi oxides usawoti-obumba, ezifana 150⁰S kanye 1.5 MPA CO ihlangana sodium hydroxide ukwakha usawoti - formate sodium:
CO + NaOH = HCOONa
oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie rasprostranenіy hhayi ibanzi kumiswa nezinye izinhlobo oxides, ikakhulukazi okubandakanya nonmetals divalent.
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