Umuthi cocoa. Lapho ikhula kwesihlahla cocoa? izithelo ukhokho

Kungani iqala ushokoledi? Lo mbuzo uyazi impendulo ngisho ingane. Chocolate iqala cocoa. Lo mkhiqizo inegama elifanayo njengoba imithi okukhona likhula. izithelo cocoa kabanzi womshini amaswidi, futhi kubo ukuba apheke siphuzo esehl 'esiphundu.

indaba

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala cocoa atholakala emibhalweni eyaqala eminyakeni 1500 BC. On oluseningizimu ye- eGulf of Mexico wahlala abantu Olmec. abameleli balo uye wawusebenzisa lo mkhiqizo ukudla. Kamuva ngalesi sithelo livela emibhalweni zomlando kanye nemidwebo zabantu lasendulo lamaMaya. Babekholelwa ukhokho kwesihlahla esingcwele futhi babekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu baye wasethula ngayo esintwini. Isiphuzo ezenziwe ngale ubhontshisi ziphuze kuphela abaholi nabapristi. Kamuva ama-Aztec bamukela isiko kanye ezikhulayo cocoa isiphuzo ukulungiselela saphezulu. Lezi izithelo ayewusizo ukuze bakwazi uthenga isigqila.

I abaMhlophe bokuqala ukunambitha lesi siphuzo ukuthi yathathwa kusukela cocoa kwaba Columbus. Kodwa lo mhloli wamazwe odumile awawazisanga nganoma kuwufanele ngempela. Mhlawumbe isizathu kwaba ukunambitheka engavamile lesi siphuzo. Futhi mhlawumbe isizathu sasiwukuthi chokolatl (kangaka okuthiwa ama-ke Natives) lalungiselela ne ukwengeza izithako eziningi, kuhlanganise pepper.

Ngemva kwesikhashana i-nsimu efanayo kufika yaseSpain Cortes (umnqobi eMexico), okuyinto naye wethulwe kuze isiphuzo sendawo. Futhi ngokushesha, ukhokho livela e-Spain. Ngo 1519 iqala umlando cocoa ushokoledi eYurophu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside le mikhiqizo ezazitholakala kuphela yezikhulu futhi amakhosi ohlanga, futhi iminyaka 100 akanikanga lakhishwa endaweni Spanish. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile izithelo kwezilwandle namanje yaqala ukusakaza kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kweso ukuthola abalandeli kanye Ongoti.

Sonke lesi sikhathi cocoa esetshenziswa ukwenza isiphuzo esihle. Kuphela uma ubhontshisi Usufike Switzerland, khekhe wendawo ekhiqizwa okuqinile ushokoledi ibha. Kodwa kwadlula isikhathi eside, lezi okukhona ezazitholakala kuphela yezikhulu futhi abacebile.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

ukhokho isihlahla kuyinto siluhlaza. Igama layo Botanical - Theobromacacao. Ngesikhathi ukuphakama ke ongafinyelela 15 metres, kodwa izimo ezinjalo awavamile. Ngokuvamile, ukuphakama izihlahla ingeqi 8 amamitha. Amahlamvu zinkulu, shiny, abe umbala aluhlaza. Izimbali cocoa encane, kuze 1 cm ububanzi, futhi iphimbo abe tint ophuzi noma obomvu. Basuke etholakala ngqo isiqu sesihlahla ku petioles encane, peduncles. Izithelo singaba nesisindo 0.5 kg kanye kuze kube ngu 30 cm ubude. Ubujamo ziyafana lemon, phakathi lapho kungabonwa imbewu mayelana 3 cm ubude. Izithelo uginindela kungenzeka kuze kube imbewu engu 50. Uma sihumusha igama lesi sitshalo Latin, sithola "awukudla konkulunkulu." Ukhokho umuthi likhula eNingizimu Melika, eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, e-Australia futhi eNtshonalanga Afrika.

Ukutshalwa zalesi sitshalo - ke kuwumsebenzi onzima, njengoba inakekelwa kuba kwendle kakhulu. Ukuze uthole fruiting ezinhle futhi njalo kudinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomswakama njalo. Lo moya itholakala kuphela band enkabazwe. Kuyadingeka ukutshala ukhokho isihlahla endaweni lapho ngeke wadalula ukuqondisa elangeni. Emhlabeni isidingo ukutjala imithi, okuzodala umthunzi zemvelo.

Ukwakheka ukhokho

Ukuhlaziya ukwakheka cocoa kungaba isikhathi eside ukuze uthumele izakhi futhi izinto ezikuyo. Eminyakeni yamuva, abaningi baye ukunaka okukhulu ukuze eluhlaza cocoa eziningi kanye ebathumela okubizwa ngokuthi "superfudam". Lo mbono is uhlolisisa, futhi idatha yokugcina kule okwamanje akekho unika.

izakhiwo awusizo

Ukhokho iqukethe izinto eziningi ezahlukene kanye izakhi trace okuyinto isinyathelo emzimbeni womuntu. Ezinye zazo yilezi nenzuzo, abanye kungalimaza.

Elements ezifana amafutha, carbohydrate, amaprotheni yemifino, isitashi, acid organic, inzuzo nasempilweni yomuntu. Amavithamini B, A, E, amaminerali, i-folic acid - konke lokhu futhi kuyadingeka ukuze kusebenze kahle komzimba wethu. Niphuza wenza kusukela nokhokho oyimpuphu, kahle amathoni futhi ngokushesha ematisa. Ungakwazi ukuwaphuza, ngisho nalabo ukudla, kuphela ukuba kungagcini, kufanele kube inkomishi eyodwa ngelanga.

Futhi ewusizo futhi ushokoledi, lapho Ukwakheka ingaphezu 70% of cocoa. Akazange nje kuye kwaba nomphumela omuhle ezitsheni inhliziyo negazi, kodwa futhi enhle kakhulu anti-oxidant (ezifana itiye eliluhlaza kanye apula).

Abantu abenza umsebenzi okhandlayo, kutuswa ukusebenzisa ubhontshisi ukuthi awuzange zabhekana ukwelashwa ezishisayo. Lo mkhiqizo ngokuphelele ubuyisela amandla kanye nemisipha. Futhi, kutuswa ukuba ukungezwa ukudla yabadlali ababhekene zokuvivinya umzimba njalo.

Izimo

Ukhokho is hhayi Kunconywa ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Isizathu wukuthi izinto ekhona izithelo zalo muthi zivimbela calcium ukumuncwa. Futhi lesi sici kubalulekile kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-fetus. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba awushiye okune esiningi ukhokho, noma ukunciphisa izinga osebenzisa yabo.

Futhi kule ubhontshisi cocoa sifaka 0.2%-caffeine. Kuyadingeka ukuba sicabangele ukwethulwa umkhiqizo anjalo esikhathini Ukudla baby ukudla.

izinhlobo

Quality, ukunambitheka kanye nephunga elimnandi umkhiqizo akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni ezihlukahlukene, kodwa futhi indawo lapho ekhula cocoa esihlahleni. Futhi ziyamthinta ezingeni lokushisa elifanele kanye nomswakama, inhlabathi nasemvuleni.

"Forastero"

Kuyinto uhlobo ethandwa kakhulu cocoa. Ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni esibalwa 1st futhi u-80% isivuno ingqikithi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i- isihlahla likhula ngokushesha futhi ukunika okusezingeni eliphezulu iqoqo njalo cocoa. Ikhishwa izithelo lolu hlobo ushokoledi kunobuciko kancane omuncu ne isici ukufutheka. Sikhula on the izindawo Afrika, kanye eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika.

"Criollo"

I Locus yalolu hlobo - EMexico naseMelika Ephakathi. Izihlahla ukukhiqiza sokuvuna esikhulu, kodwa zisho ukungenwa izifo namathonya zangaphandle. Emakethe kukhona abafika kwabangu-10% yalolu hlobo of cocoa. Chocolate Yenziwe ke, it has a ukunambitheka obucayi esiyingqayizivele ukunambitheka slabogorkogo.

"Trinitario"

Sizalele izinhlobo etholwe ukweqa "Criollo" futhi "Forastero". Izithelo abe ehlala njalo Iphunga and ukhokho isihlahla kancane ukungenwa izifo ezihlukahlukene, ekunciphiseni ingozi isivuno ukulahleka futhi ayidingi ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ukuze aphathe. Ngenxa yokuthi le ezihlukahlukene ocime ngenxa yokweqa ezimbili okungcono izinhlobo ushokoledi ikhiqizwa ke, it has a ukufutheka emnandi futhi ukunambitheka enkulu. Etshalwayo lolu hlobo e-Asia, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika.

"National"

Cocoa kwalesi silwane ube Iphunga nehlala njalo esiyingqayizivele. Nokho, lezi zihlahla zikhula nzima impela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basengozini izifo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlangana lolu hlobo cocoa emashalofini noma ukwakheka ushokoledi kungaba ezingavamile kakhulu. izinhlobonhlobo Grown eNingizimu Melika.

Ukhokho izimonyo

cocoa ibhotela ngenxa impahla yayo futhi iye yasetshenziswa Cosmetology. Yiqiniso, izinhlelo zokusebenza kule nsimu, kufanele ube high ungafundeki. Yemvelo cocoa ibhotela uba nombala ophuzi-ayisikhilimu nokukhanya iphunga sici izithelo okuyindawo senziwa. umkhiqizo okunjalo ocebile polysaccharides, amavithamini, amaprotheni yemifino, nensimbi kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Uphinde antioxidant enamandla.

Umbhali wayevame ukunezela lokhu ibhotela cocoa elisetshenziswa buso, okwathi ngemva kwalokho isikhumba livikela kakhulu elangeni nasemakhazeni. ukuncibilika lokushisa yemvelo komkhiqizo ifinyelela degrees 34, ngakho ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise uma sishiswa endaweni okugeza amanzi. Isikhumba sithola imisebe kalula uwoyela, ngemva kwalokho kuba ukuphuza amanzi amaningi. Futhi, sibonga cocoa ibhotela aqede ngokucasuka ngcono isikhumba kuyaqina kanye ngesivinini ukuphulukisa amanxeba amancane.

ukukhiqizwa

Ezweni lanamuhla, mhlawumbe, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlangabezana indoda ababengeke ukwazi ushokoledi kanye cocoa. Njengoba lisetshenziswe confectionery ibhizinisi, imithi kanye Cosmetology, lokhu imikhiqizo isihlahla siqine ezimakethe zomhlaba, futhi kukhona hlala ingxenye enkulu imali. Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa cocoa ibhizinisi inzuzo, okuletha ngonyaka-round engenayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i- isihlahla kuyinto siluhlaza futhi ikhula ezindaweni lapho ilanga lubonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukushisa kanye umswakama. Ngonyaka owodwa, uya 3-4 kwesivuno.

Ngemva kokufika izithombo abasha babe kolibo avele ngomnyaka wesine ukuphila kwesihlahla. cocoa Izimbali ziqhakaza esiqwini futhi amagatsha awugqinsi, akhiwa khona futhi uvuthwe ubhontshisi. izinhlobo ezehlukene izithelo lapho ukulungele ukuthatha imibala ehlukahlukene: ensundu, onsundu ngokuphaphathekile noma abe maroon.

Ukuvuna nokucubungula

izithelo Ukhokho usike esiqwini sesihlahla som ngommese obukhali, futhi ngokushesha wathumela ukuze kusetshenziswe. Esikhathini workshop izithelo usike, athathe ubhontshisi, bazendlala amahlamvu banana futhi nabo amboze phezulu. Ukuvutshelwa iqala inqubo ukuthi ingahlala kusuka 1 kuya ku 5 izinsuku. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuncipha cocoa etholwe ukunambitheka obucayi futhi munyu futhi acid iyasuswa.

izinzuzo okwengeziwe okutholakala omile amasonto 1-1.5 nge njalo ibangele 1 isikhathi ngosuku. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, badinga ukulahlekelwa 7% umswakama. Ngemva iphele nokuhlela ubhontshisi lingaveza e zemvelo Jute izikhwama futhi agcinwe khona iminyaka eminingana.

Indlela yokwenza nokhokho oyimpuphu kanye cocoa ibhotela

Amafutha cocoa omisiwe izithelo okugazingiwe futhi yathunyelwa ngaphansi a umshini wokubacindezela. Ngenxa yalokho, kukushiya amafutha okuyinto emva processing isicelo embonini confectionery womshini ushokoledi. Amafutha ikhekhe kuyo ingumhlabathi kube yimpuphu sieved ngokusebenzisa ngesihlungo. etholwe Ngakho ukhokho powder. Khona-ke igcwele futhi yathunyelwa ukudayiswa.