Uphi international ejwayelekile amakhilogramu?

Ukunemba akuyona engadingekile. Yingakho emhlabeni wonke futhi wadala isimiso Ubukhulu ngamazwe, obonakaliswe namazinga zonke Ubukhulu eyaziwayo umuntu. Kuphela amakhilogramu ejwayelekile aniketwa ngendlela amayunithi umugqa. Phela, wayehawukela kuphela has a ngokomzimba zangempela sibonelo. Iyini isisindo ngamazwe ejwayelekile amakhilogramu igcinwe ezweni, sizokwenza ngayo kulesi sihloko.

Kungani kudingeka ezindinganisweni esinomuzwa?

Kilogram, ezifana amawolintshi, ukala okufanayo e-Afrika kanti eRussia? Impendulo - yebo, cishe. Futhi zonke sibonga uhlelo ngamazwe yokunquma okubhekiselwa amakhilogramu, imitha, kwesibili, kanye nemingcele ngokomzimba. amazinga Ukumeda kudingekile ngesintu ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi kwezomnotho (ukuhweba) nokwakhiwa (ubunye imidwebo), izimboni (ubunye Alloys) namasiko (ubunye isikhathi Slots), kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Futhi uma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uyosabalala iPhone yakho, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa ushintsho isisindo esikhulu mass ejwayelekile.

amazinga umlando

impucuko Ngasinye sasinobuso izindinganiso zalo siqu kanye namazinga okuhlola, okuyinto kuphumelele nomunye nangemva kwamakhulu eminyaka okungazi. EGibhithe lasendulo, sisindvo setintfo ulinganiswa Kantara noma kikkarah. EGrisi lasendulo, kwaba ithalente kanye lwesiliva. Futhi eRussia, nenqwaba izimpahla ulinganiswa poods noma spools. Kodwa abantu abafana izinhlelo ezahlukene kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe bavumile ukuthi yokukala isisindo, ubude, noma amanye amapharamitha kuyoba ifaniswe inkontileka esisodwa. Yini ezithakazelisayo, ngisho Peck ezikhathini wasendulo sasibonisa ayahluka yesithathu kusukela abathengisi abavela emazweni ehlukene.

Physics namazinga

Amalungiselelo ngokuvamile lwamazwi akuxhomekile wasebenza kuze kube isikhathi lapho umuntu engakathenjiswa umshado kwezesayensi sina futhi ibhizinisi zobunjiniyela. Oliqondayo imithetho physics kanye ne-chemistry, ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha kanye kudalwa kubhayela umusi kanye nokuthuthukiswa ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kukhona isidingo amazinga esinembile iyunifomu. Umsebenzi wokulungiselela lwalulude futhi kukhathaza. Yemvelo, zezibalo, osokhemisi emhlabeni wonke baye bazikhandla ukuze uthole izinga jikelele. nemingcele yomhlal awonke ejwayelekile kilogram, ngoba isisindo isilinganiso dudula ngokomzimba (Amps, volts, Watts) - Ngokuyinhloko.

sivumelwano imitha

Umcimbi abalulekile ezenzeka esikhathini asemaphethelweni eParis ngo-1875. Ngokokuqala ngqá, amazwe 17 (neRussia phakathi kwabo) wasayina Imitha Convention. Kuyinto isivumelwano samazwe onke enikeza ubunye amazinga. Namuhla ivume amazwe 55 njengoba amalungu okugcwele amalungu umhlobo 41 uthanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wasungula International Bureau of izilinganiso kanye neKomidi International izilinganiso umsebenzi oyinhloko okuyinto ukulandela ubunye Standardization emhlabeni wonke.

Amazinga lomhlangano wokuqala imethrikhi

amamitha Standard isibe emkhayeni ingxubevange platinum kanye Iridium (9 kuya ku-1) ubude amane komunye ingxenye Paris Meridian. Etalon kilogram of ingxubevange efanayo kwakuhambelana nokuka nenqwaba amalitha (cubic decimeters) yamanzi ezingeni lokushisa 4 degrees Celsius (kwabantu esiphezulu) e standard ingcindezi kokuwa. Standard 1/86400 imizuzwana baba ingxenye ubude kusho usuku welanga. Zonke 17 ithi amaqembu saya emhlanganweni wathola ikhophi ejwayelekile.

Indawo Z

Prototypes kanye inkomba yokuqala manje egcinwe ku-Chamber of izilinganiso e Sèvres, eduze neParis. Kungenxa esemaphethelweni eParis, futhi iyindawo lapho inkomba lilondolozwe Kilogram imitha Candela (umfutho elikhanyayo), ampere (lamanje), Kelvin (lokushisa) kanye imvukuzane (uyinto iyunithi, akukho inkomba ngokomzimba). Uhlelo izilinganiso ogxile isithenjwa eziyisithupha, ngokuthi International System of Units (SI). Kodwa umlando amazinga lena akuyona iphelile, sekuqalile nje.

SI

Uhlelo izindinganiso ukuthi sisebenzisa - SI (SI), kusukela French Systeme International d'Unites - kuhlanganisa isizinda amayunithi eziyisikhombisa. Lokhu imitha (ubude), kg (isisindo), ampere (lamanje) Candela (umfutho elikhanyayo), Kelvin (lokushisa), Mol (yokuthi liphansi). Zonke ezinye lucobo etholakala ngokuzikhandla izibalo ahlukahlukene zezibalo besebenzisa amayunithi eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iyunithi amandla alinganayo kg x m / s ^2. Wonke amazwe, ngaphandle-United States, Nigeria kanye Myanmar, usebenzisa SI uhlelo zokulinganisa, okusho nokumadanisa ubukhulu engaziwa nomgomo. Indinganiso - amagugu ngokomzimba okulingana, lapho bonke bavumile ukuthi ngokuphelele olunembile.

Izinga kumakhilogremu angu eminingi kangaka?

Kunengqondo lula - lizinga 1 kg kuba isisindo 1 litre amanzi. Kodwa eqinisweni lokhu akulona iqiniso. Yini ukwenza we amakhilogramu esezingeni mayelana 80 prototypes - umbuzo uwukuthi ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ngengozi okungcono kukho ingxubevange Ukwakheka sikhethwe, eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-100. Standard amakhilogramu isisindo elenziwe ngesikhumba ingxubevange platinum (90%) kanye Iridium (10%), kanye isilinda kabani ubukhulu ilingana ukuphakama futhi 39,17 amamilimitha angu. Babengabafundi wenza kwemifanekiso yakhe, inani yizicucu 80. Amakhophi amakhilogramu ejwayelekile Basuke etholakala emazweni iqhaza ku-sisekelo. Kodwa isithenjwa esikhulu lilondolozwe asemaphethelweni eParis futhi wakhonza ezintathu capsule uphawu. Nomaphi lapho amakhilogramu ejwayelekile, ngezikhawu yabamba lokubuyisana lokuma ezibaluleke kakhulu wezizwe kwelinye eyishumi.

Lokuma main

Yamazwe ngamazwe ejwayelekile amakhilogramu waphonswa ngo-1889 futhi lilondolozwe Sèvres eFrance ku okuphephile International Bureau of izilinganiso embozwe ofeleba ezintathu ezihambisanayo ngengilazi. Keys kusukela ephephile ukuthi kukhona bureau esiphakeme ezintathu kuphela. Kanye lokuma labalulekile eluLwimi ephephile kuba nokunye yakhe eziyisithupha noma abazolandela esikhundleni. Minyaka yonke, esilinganisweni eyinhloko isisindo lokho kumelwe kuthathwe ngokuthi amakhilogramu ejwayelekile, ngikweluleke isuswe luhlolo. Futhi minyaka yonke-ke siya izacile futhi izacile. Isizathu salokhu ukulahlekelwa isisindo - sampula ama-athomu ngokuhlukana phakathi isizinda.

okufushane Russian

Ikhophi ejwayelekile eRussia. Wayelokhu ngesikhathi Research Institute Metrology. Mendeleev Petersburg. Lawa-prototype ezimbili-platinum-Iridium - № 12 kanye nenombolo 26. Basuke esisogwini base asebenza ngebhethri, embozwe ingilazi domes ezimbili wamboza metal ephephile. lokushisa air ngaphakathi capsule 20 ° C, umswakama 65%. prototype Domestic has a isisindo 1 000 000 087 kilograms.

amakhilogramu Standard is ukuncipha

Ukuqinisekisa indinganiso wabonisa ukuthi ukunemba namazinga kazwelonke komyalelo wokungabi 2 micrograms. Bonke agcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, futhi izibalo zibonisa ukuthi amakhilogramu standard iminyaka engamakhulu ukuncipha 3 x 10 ^-8 isisindo. Nokho, nge ncazelo, isisindo kwamazinga amazwe ngamazwe elihambisana 1 kilogram, futhi noma yiziphi izinguquko kule real mass phambili ejwayelekile ushintsho amagugu amakhilogramu. Ngo-2007, kwaba sobala ukuthi lo mbhalo amakhilogramu waqala nesisindo micrograms 50 ngaphansi. Kanye nokwehla isisindo sayo uyaqhubeka.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nesilinganiso entsha esezingeni isisindo

Ukuze asuse amaphutha kuyinto ekufuneni isakhiwo entsha amakhilogramu ejwayelekile. Kunetintfutfuko ekuchazweni lizinga ethile Silicon-28 IKhompyuthaYami. Kukhona iphrojekthi "amakhilogramu Electronic." I-National Institute of Standards Nobuchwepheshe (2005, e-USA) yakhelwe idivayisi esekelwe izilinganiso amandla adingekayo wokudala inkambu kagesi ukuthi angamvusa 1 kg. Ukunemba izilinganiso ezifana - 99.999995%. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa yencazelo mass maqondana nenqwaba lonke i-neutron. Zonke lezi zenzakalo kubo nobuchwepheshe kuzosiza ungasuki sesibopho ukuthobisa mass ngokomzimba ejwayelekile ukufinyelela ukunemba ephakeme kanye nokwenzeka nokubuyisana kuphi emhlabeni.

Amanye amaphrojekthi ethembisa

Futhi lapho izwe ukukhanya isayensi ukuthi yiziphi indlela yokuxazulula inkinga eziqinile, kubhekwa iphrojekthi ethembisayo lapho mass ngeke ishintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulesi inkomba obungenza umzimba cubical athomu carbon-12 IKhompyuthaYami nge ekuphakameni 8.11 ngamasentimitha. Lokhu cube kuyoba 2250 x 281 489 633 ama-athomu angu-12-i-carbon. Abacwaningi base-United States of Standards Nobuchwepheshe National Institute ukunikela ichaze amakhilogramu standard, usebenzisa njalo futhi ifomula E Planck sika = mc ^ 2.

Modern ohlelweni imethrikhi

amazinga Modern azifani okwakulokhu ngaphambili. Imitha ekuqaleni kuhlobene nezinga obungazungeza iplanethi namuhla sifana ibanga ukuthi ugongolo ukukhanya ubabonisa kwelinye 299792458 th yesibili. Kodwa yesibili - lesi yisikhathi ngesikhathi oludlula 9192631770 kunyakaza kuyi-athomu ye cesium. Izinzuzo Quantum ukunemba kulesi simo isobala, ngoba ingadlalwa kuphi emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokho, i-standard kuphela ekhona ngempela, uhlala amakhilogramu ejwayelekile.

Kungakanani liyindinganiso?

Njengoba khona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100, indinganiso isivele eziningi, njengoba isihloko, futhi mshini esiyingqayizivele. Ngokuvamile, ukucacisa okulingana intengo ukubala-athomu amakhilogramu ngegolide elihlanzekile ngayinye. Inombolo eyatholakala kusukela oda izinombolo 25 futhi lokhu ngaphandle kucatshangelwa amanani ngemibono we mshini. Kodwa ngenkathi kokudayiswa amakhilogramu ejwayelekile ekuseni kakhulu, ngoba umphakathi international ongakabi besusa kuphela okusele ngokomzimba ejwayelekile kohlelo lamazwe omhlaba amayunithi.

Kazi mayelana izilinganiso

Kuzo zonke izindawo ngesikhathi isikhathi iplanethi UTC kuchazwa isihlobo ezithile jikelele (isib UTC + 4: 00). Ngokuphawulekayo, azikho ngezifushaniso sokuqonda ke yamukelwa 1970 yi-International Telecommunication Union. Ababili ongakhetha yayenziwa: IsiZulu AGENDA (esihlelwe Isikhathi Somhlaba) kanye TUC isiFulentshi (Temps Universel Coordonné). Sikhetha isifingqo kokungathathi hlangothi isilinganiso.

Sea esetshenziswa nesilinganiso "node". Ukukala isivinini umkhumbi usebenzisa lag obukhethekile ISIZINDA at elifanayo, okuyinto ephonswe olwandle, futhi babala inani ISIZINDA e isikhathi esithile esinikeziwe. imishini yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngaphezu intambo esinamafindo, kodwa igama ezintendeni.

Igama babegcina, ukubaluleka okuyinto ngobuciko obukhulu futhi ukunemba, kuba ngolimi igama lasendulo ngesiGreki isisindo ejwayelekile - scruple. Wayengumuntu elilingana 1.14 amagremu futhi yayisetshenziselwa enesisindo zesiliva.

Igama lwemali ngokuvamile kusekelwe amagama isisindo izinyathelo. Ngakho, e-UK isiliva esivelele ngokuthi uhlamvu lwemali kanye uhlamvu enjalo kuhlaziywe 240 lbs. Ngo Rus lasendulo run babe "hryvnia esiliva" noma "igolide hryvnia" okusho inombolo ethile zemali, wezwakalisa njengoba isisindo okulingana.

Strange amandla nesilinganiso izimoto amahhashi zivelaphi ngempela ngempela. Umsunguli wendlela injini umusi Dzheyms Uayt wayezimisele ngakho lokubonisa ngokunenzuzo kokusungulwa imoto traction. He bala kangakanani ihhashi ungakwazi sithathe izimpahla okwamanje futhi eyabizwa ngokuthi amahhashi inombolo eyodwa.