Usayizi uMklomelo KaNobel. UMklomelo KaNobel: umlando nesenzakalo

UMklomelo KaNobel iyona yodumo umklomelo ngokwesayensi emhlabeni. iphupho wakhe yokuthola ososayensi ezivela emikhakheni ehlukene. Yazi mayelana impumelelo yakamuva isintu, imakwe le ndondo, kuwufanele wonke umuntu ufundile. Njengoba wafika, futhi kulokho izindawo isayensi ke ingatholakala?

Kuyini lokhu?

Lo mklomelo waminyaka yonke yaqanjwa Swedish unjiniyela, usozimboni kanye umsunguli. Alfred Bernhard Nobel kwaba umsunguli wayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungumnikazi fund kuyiphi lemali. Umlando uMklomelo KaNobel iqala kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Kusukela 1901, ikomiti ekhethekile inquma abawinile ezigabeni ezifana physics, imithi kanye izitho zomzimba, amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, izincwadi futhi avikele ukuthula. Ngo-1969, isayensi entsha yengeziwe ohlwini. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uKhomishane Uphawula onguchwepheshe engcono emkhakheni umnotho. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo kuyoba nezigaba ezintsha, kodwa okwamanje ingxoxo sehlo akuyona olwenziwa.

Njengoba umvuzo lapho?

Umlando uMklomelo KaNobel ithakazelisa kakhulu. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso sigameko ezimnyama emphilweni umsunguli wayo. Njengoba wazi, u-Alfred Nobel kwaba umsunguli we-dynamite. Lapho ngo-1889 umfowabo Ludwig wafa, intatheli yephephandaba futhi wasanganisa umlandvomufi Alfred. Umbhalo bembiza yomthengisi sokufa. Alfred Nobel washaqeka nethemba ukuhlala kwimemori isintu kulesi sikhundla. Wabe eseqala ukucabanga ngalokho kungenziwa basala, waqamba itestamente ekhethekile. Ngalo, wayethemba ukuthi ngcono isimo nge-dynamite.

I Will Alfreda Nobelya

umbhalo Oyingqopha-mlando wayezelwe futhi ungene ngemvume 1895 e-Paris. Ngokusho intando, yonke impahla esele emva executors kumele umklomelo izibambiso, enikezwe Isikhwama titawusungulwa. Isithakazelo enhloko-dolobha okuholela izosetshenziselwa umklomelo ososayensi eziletha inzuzo kakhulu esintwini. Kufanele sahlukaniswa saba izingxenye ezinhlanu: oyedwa umuntu wathola noma ezisunguliwe into entsha emkhakheni physics, enye usokhemisi abanamakhono kakhulu, eyesithathu kwakusho nakodokotela abaphambili, owesine - for umdali imisebenzi emikhulu kwezincwadi ngonyaka anikezelwe kwezifiso womuntu, eyesihlanu - ngoba umuntu ongasiza yokudala ukuthula emhlabeni, belwela ukunciphisa wamabutho, nokuqeda ubugqila, futhi ubungane lezizwe. Ngokwentando yakhe, uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa izigaba ezimbili zokuqala imiklomelo kunqunywa Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Ngo Ukukhetha imithi eyenza Royal Karolinska Institute, IsiSwidi Academy ekhetha tetemibhalo, kanti owokugcina uyoba ngo - ikomidi abantu abahlanu. Basuke abakhethwe Storting Norwegian.

Ubukhulu imiklomelo

Njengoba umklomelo kunqunywa amaphesenti angu-etshaliwe Nobile, usayizi waso kuyahlukahluka. Ekuqaleni kwalo yanikezwa imiqhele, inani lokuqala aba yizinkulungwane 150. Manje ubukhulu uMklomelo KaNobel ikhule kakhulu futhi lona nedola laseMelika. Eminyakeni yamuva, kuba ayisigidi. Uma imali ku Isikhwama siphela, zinyamalale kanye ibhonasi. Nobel lemali ekuqaleni zaba cishe 32 kwezigidi ezingu kronor esethathelwa Swedish, ngakho-ke, kuncike ukutshalwa siphumelela, yonke le minyaka, kuphela anda. Noma kunjalo, eminyakeni yamuva inzalo akuvumeli ukufeza ibhajethi omuhle - umklomelo izindleko yalowo mkhosi futhi okuqukethwe ekuphathweni eqolo. Eminyakeni ethile edlule, ubukhulu uMklomelo KaNobel, kwanqunywa ukuba ukunciphisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza isiKhwama eside. Ukuphatha yenzani konke okusemandleni ukuze usigcine eside ngangokunokwenzeka.

scandal umndeni

Uma umlando babethathe inkambo ehlukile, ukukhanya wayengeke avele le ndondo. Nobel isamba lalilikhulu kangangokuthi umndeni ayikwazanga bakwemukele ukulahlekelwa kwakhe. Ngemva kokufa umsunguli we noyedwa phakathi kwalaba abanye baqala ukulingwa lapho kwenziwa imizamo inselelo intando. Nobel ephethwe indlu inxuluma e Nice naseParis, elabhorethri eRussia, Finland, e-Italy, eJalimane naseNgilandi, eziningi workshop kanye nezimboni. Zonke impahla izindlalifa wafuna ukwehlukana phakathi kwabo. Nokho, Storting wanquma ukuqaphela intando. Abangena Indlu Ngendlu ngasekupheleni ukuthengisa impahla yakhe, isikhathi kanye nosayizi uMklomelo KaNobel zavunyelwa. Izihlobo waya isamba kwezigidi ezimbili.

isikhwama esisungulelwe

UMklomelo KaNobel, umlando okwaqala ngokubekwa kungamanyala, labonakala okokuqala emahlangothini 1900 kuphela. The Royal Council wahlangana Juni 29, 1900, lapho yonke imininingwane zibuyekezwe futhi sivunywe Isikhwama olusemthethweni. On the ingxenye yale mali ke u aluthola isakhiwo lapho ikhona. Ngo-December 1901 sasiqhutshelwa isethulo lokuqala lomcimbi. UMklomelo KaNobel Usayizi eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nezinkulungwane waba ngowokuqala futhi olandelanayo kakhulu. Ngo-1968, i-Bank of Sweden unikezele baphakamise futhi ongoti emkhakheni yomnotho. UMklomelo KaNobel emkhakheni akhethiwe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Waqale ukhishwa ngo-1969.

Imithetho yalowo mkhosi

ITestamente kubonisa kuphela ubukhulu uMklomelo KaNobel futhi Science, ngokuba impumelelo lapho abacwaningi kufanele kuqashelwe. Imithetho yokuziphatha kanye nokuzikhethela kwadingeka yenziwe kakade Isikhwama abaphathi. Bakhandwa ithuthukiswe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi cishe akukho ushintsho. Ngokusho imithetho, umklomelo ingase iklonyeliswe abantu eziningana, kodwa abakwazi ezingaphezu kwezintathu. Uma umfakisicelo washona ngoDisemba ngesikhathi emcimbini, kodwa uyaphila ngaso isimemezelo seziphakamiso Okthoba, uzakukwamukela isamba kwakhe. Nobel Foundation kungaqali imiklomelo umklomelo, ukushaja yona emakomitini akhethekile for ohlangothini ngalunye. amalungu ayo angase afune usizo ososayensi ezindaweni ezahlukene ngokwesayensi. Prize ezincwadini ukunikeza ochwepheshe umhlabeleli wesayensi yezilimi. ILaureate e ukuqokwa emhlabeni esikhethiwe kokubonisana ososayensi emkhakheni wefilosofi, umthetho, wezifundo zezombusazwe, umlando, sikucela ukuba uxoxe abaqavile emphakathini. Ngezinye izikhathi onguchwepheshe angaletha isicelo uqobo. Leli lungelo kungokwalabo Othumbe eminyakeni edlule nokwenyuka kwezindleko ilungu Swedish Academy of Sciences. Zonke iziphakamiso bavunyelwa phambi 1 Februwari ngonyaka ukuthi kuyoba ibhonasi. Ngaphambi Septhemba isiphakamiso ngalinye esikalini futhi saxoxa. Ngokuhamba izinkulungwane ochwepheshe ezihilelekile. Lapho ukuqeqeshwa uphela, amakomiti ukuthumela abazobhapathizwa evunyiwe izimo esemthethweni lapho ososayensi umsebenzi uMklomelo KaNobel, okuzokwenza lokwenza isinqumo esiwujuqu. Emkhakheni wezingalo physics, chemistry nesayensi kwezomnotho kukhona iqembu eyinhloko abameleli Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, lapho kuwo ngamunye abantu amabili nanhlanu. Medicine abathintekayo amalungu ayisihlanu Karolinska Institute. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi - ososayensi Nesishiyagalombili kusukela IsiSwidi Academy. Peace Prize,-Norwegian Nobel Committee imiklomelo. Ngo-October odlule bamukela isitatimende ukuthi limenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni esithangamini sabezindaba e Stockholm emhlabeni, ephelezelwa amazwana izizathu zesinqumo ngamunye. Ngu-December 10, ababethole nemindeni yabo Umenyiwe emcimbini.