Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi. Incazelo kanye ngezigaba amaphrojekthi

Sinikeza ngezigaba enemininingwane amaphrojekthi ngezizathu ezahlukene. Uyazi, iziphi imibono yazo ihluke kanjani nomunye. Okokuqala, sikunikeza ukuzimisela ezidingekayo unombono ka kwakwenzekani.

Le phrojekthi - a eziyinkimbinkimbi enqubweni yesistimu, okuhlose ukushintsha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuphila komuntu. Emazweni athuthukile, futhi emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union kuyahluka kakhulu lo mqondo kanye ngezigaba amaphrojekthi ngezinye izikhathi has izici zayo siqu (bheka. Isigaba "Projects Investment").

Ngomqondo yendabuko ibizweli liqalisele iphrojekthi:

1) Inhloso umbono, umqondo.

2) Le ncazelo, isethulo, isithombe into (eziphathekayo noma angaphatheki) ephepheni noma abanye bezindaba.

Yini ehlanganisiwe iphrojekthi?

Umqondo ke emazweni athuthukile we West ebanzi kunalokho esithathwayo kithi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Institute of project management lisho ke njengoba inkinga ethile nge idatha yoqobo kanye nezinhloso oyifunayo (imiphumela) ezibangela indlela yokuxazulula ke. Lapha Nokho, kuthiwa ngalokho izinsiza ziyatholakala ukuqaliswa kwe-project. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuxazulula inkinga uzimisele njalo hhayi kuphela izinhloso (imiphumela) ngesinqumo sawo. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi iphrojekthi kuhlanganisa:

- plan (umsebenzi, inkinga);

- yokuxazulula (ukuqaliswa);

- Okuqondiwe (imiphumela).

Imiphumela yephrojekthi

Le phrojekthi ngomqondo ebanzi - yinto Ungashintsha noma yini emhlabeni, ukuphila. Imiphumela yakhe nge iphuzu elifanayo umbono kungaba kokubili ethize (inhlangano, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, imikhiqizo nokunye. D.) Futhi abstract (isipiliyoni, ulwazi, izindlela, amacebo, nokunye. D.). Uma sicabanga ke njengoba uhlelo ashukumisayo, bungabonakala:

- wamanje (ubuchwepheshe, imibhalo, njll ...);

- ukuphela (inzuzo, umkhiqizo, njll ...).

Ngokuvamile lo msebenzi futhi imiphumela yayo ethulwa ngesimo izimpokophelo ohlelweni, okusho ukuthi phrojekthi uhlelo. Ngamanye amazwi, inhlanganisela izakhi ezahlukene kanye nobudlelwano abasafufusa phakathi kwabo, ephumelelisa izinjongo ezithile.

Izizathu zokuthi kungenzeka zokuhlukanisa amaphrojekthi

Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi kungaba kwenziwe emigomeni kokusebenza, esikalini, ikhwalithi design yabo kanye nokuqaliswa, indawo ukuqaliswa, ubukhulu imithombo esetshenziswa. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuphezulu kakhulu ngempela. Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi has yezizathu ezilandelayo:

- isakhiwo, indlela yokwakheka yephrojekthi endaweni isihloko, ukucacisa isigaba salo;

- mkhakha womsebenzi, lapho kwenziwe, ebheka uhlobo yayo;

- ubukhulu yephrojekthi, inani iqhaza futhi kangakanani ithonya layo emhlabeni, belinganisa nobukhulu bayo;

- isikhathi nokusetshenziswa ukuthi inquma ubude bayo;

- degree of Izinkinga zobuchwepheshe, zezimali, yenhlangano, lobuchwepheshe kanye nezinye.

amaphrojekthi yenhlangano

Izinhlobo amaphrojekthi zimi kanje: yenhlangano, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezobuchwepheshe kanye okuxubile. amaphrojekthi yenhlangano ngokuvamile ezihambisana nezinguquko amabhizinisi ekhona futhi kudalwa ibhizinisi elisha, inhlangano, ibhizinisi, eminye imisebenzi (izingqungquthela, workshop, izinkundla, izingqungquthela, njll). izici Ezivelele kokulandelayo:

- Izinjongo yephrojekthi kuchazwa, kodwa kunzima ukukala quantitatively, ngoba sibhekiswe ukuthuthukisa uhlelo;

- isikhathi kwesikhathi ibulawa ngesihluku futhi asethwe kusengaphambili;

- ngangokunokwenzeka imithombo ahlinzekwe;

- izindleko iphrojekthi enjalo angaphansi ukulawula okunzima kakhulu ngokombono kahle kokusebenza kwabo ngokuvamile kudingeka ukulungiswa sekuqalile.

Izici amaphrojekthi kwezomnotho

Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo amaphrojekthi igcizelela kwezomnotho. Basuke okuhloswe ngazo ibhizinisi kabusha, azimele lokusebaleni, kuhlela kabusha, ngcono amasiko nemithetho, imithetho yentela kanye nezinye izici bungokulandelayo .:

- uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa main imigomo zangaphambi sokugcina sokuthi kungase kushintshwe ngokuhamba kokusebenza;

- ukwenziwa kwephrojekti ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye izingxenye ngazinye ke zivame kushintshwe;

- cishe kunqunywa izindleko, kodwa eduze njalo ukugadwa.

Izimpawu amaphrojekthi social

amaphrojekthi Social okuhloswe ngaso ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenziwa ngcono komthetho impesheni, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuqedwa nemiphumela yezinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo kanye nezimo zemvelo. Kunezinye izibonelo. Kukhona ngezigaba ehlukile amaphrojekthi omphakathi, kodwa bonke babe izici ezilandelayo ezivame:

- tinhloso letibekwe jikelele, kodwa uqondiswa, ukuhlolwa qualitative belinani Kulokhu ngokuvamile kunzima njengoba ukuthuthukiswa, ukufezekisa imiphumela ethile Lesisemkhatsini;

- isikhathi Imininingwane nesikhathi ayikwazi ecacile, ngakho banesikhathi bemvelo probabilistic;

- njengoba kudingekile ukuba Nokho, izimali iphrojekthi, ngezinga okungenzeka ngalo.

Ukungaqiniseki enkulu abe nesiqeshana lolu hlobo imiklamo.

amaphrojekthi ubunjiniyela

Zihlotshaniswa ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo omusha (uhlobo, uhlobo, ukwakhiwa). Izici okulandelayo:

- icaciswe eyinhloko umgomo oyinhloko, nakuba umuntu sub nokuqaliswa njengoba Kungacaciswa;

- isikhathi, ekupheleni zokukhokha achazwa ngokukhanyayo kusengaphambili futhi ayahlonishwa ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa ukulungisa is hhayi ngaphandle;

- Izindleko kuhlelwe ngokucacile;

- ukulinganiselwa ukuqaliswa iphrojekthi nokuhlela zawo eziphathelene, ikakhulukazi, umkhawulo umthamo production.

Mono-, yehlukene futhi mega-amaphrojekthi

Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi Ungase futhi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kubo: a mega-phrojekthi, multi-yephrojekthi monoproekty.

Monoproekty simele okusalungiswa olulodwa ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, zinhlobo futhi hlobo. Multiproject - eziyinkimbinkimbi, sifaka e ubulungu yawo monoproekty ambalwa. Ekugcineni, mega-project uhlelo target sokuthuthukiswa izimboni kanye nezifunda. Siqukethe mono- eziningana futhi multiprojects.

kwenkululeko iphrojekthi

Njengoba ubona, ngempela indaba enkulu "Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi kanye imibono yabo." Ukuqhubeka ukudalulwa, uqhubekele ngezigaba esilandelayo base. Ungakhetha megaproject nabancane (mini-project). Ukwahlukanisa kulokhu Kwenziwa kulesi silinganiso. ivolumu Small incane, by isakhiwo esilula, has a Inani elincane lababambiqhaza. It bavunyelwe lapho wokuklama nokuqala ukusetshenziswa inombolo simplifications:

- oyedwa lucwaningo umsebenzi ukubambisana;

- amalungu ethimba Management kukhona nezilandiso ngokuvumelana iphrojekthi;

- kakhulu elula ukuqaliswa amasheduli;

- Ilungu lethimba ngamunye wazi nobukhulu bayo umsebenzi kanye nemisebenzi;

- iphrojekthi nokobana ukhonkolo efanayo (ithimba), owaqala umsebenzi ngalo wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa, ukuhlela, bese i-design.

Izici megaprojects

Megaprojects ukumela uhlelo target. Zakhiwa sebuningini ezincane, okuyinto oxhumene futhi kuhlanganiswe ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo ngayo isikhathi nezinto zethu. Lezo zinhlelo okubhekiswe kungenzeka inter-zesifunda, yesifunda, nezinye izinhlaka zesifundazwe, imikhakha, ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele. Finyelela amakhulu wezigidi zamadola eyabelwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu. Esihlelwe bakha isimiso esinjalo emazingeni phakathi kohulumeni kanye kazwelonke. iminyaka 5-7, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu kungaba isikhathi kokusebenza kwabo. Hhayi ngokunikeza umfundi ithuba sesitholile ukuthi sakhe, embule ngesihloko ezifana Ukwahlukaniswa amaphrojekthi. lolu hlobo nokwenganye iyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba kudinga ukucatshangelwa izinto eziningi.

Izici ezilandelayo esivela kuzo:

- khona abaculi eziningi ezahlukene ukuthi ngokukhethekile ezahlukene izinhlobo zomsebenzi, okusho ukuthi kunesidingo kuhlelembisa izenzo zabo;

- ukubhaliswa okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni izimo zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho for ukugcwaliseka kwale phrojekthi endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esithile;

- Kwabiwa lwesigaba ehlukile umqondo walo ukuthuthukiswa;

- Isibuyekezo ku izigaba kohlelo yasekuqaleni iphrojekthi;

- ngokugcina ngokucacile yayo ohlukile futhi;

- isidingo ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezahlukene ukuqaliswa yayo - kokubili tekusebenta futhi obalulekile;

- ukubhaliswa okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni ubunjalo probabilistic izinkomba ezahlukene futhi ingozi;

- nokuqapha njalo iphrojekthi, kanye update izakhi zalo.

Ukwahlukanisa ngobude

Uma ucabangela isihloko "Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi kanye imibono yabo", kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isikhathi bona zingahlukaniswa zibe esifushane, esilingene kanye nasesikhathini eside.

Esifushane (eminyakeni engu-2), ebonakala yokuthi ikhasimende unesithakazelo kwaqedwa ngokushesha kwale phrojekthi, ngakho wayezimisele ukwandisa izindleko zayo zangempela. Ubuningi bamahora encishisiwe ngenkathi yokubika, inombolo ubuncane osonkontileka emsebenzini, usebenzisa ukuqaliswa kunazo elula ihluzo kumuntu oyedwa unesibopho, futhi izinguquko ukuqaliswa zimbalwa futhi ziyantula. Projects medium- futhi eside akudingeki lezi zici.

izakhi yephrojekthi

Nge izimo eziningi ezihlobene eyinkimbinkimbi yephrojekthi. Phakathi kwabo - isidingo high abulawe yayo, izinhlobonhlobo elilinganiselwe imithombo (isikhathi, abasebenzi kanye zezimali), njll ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto ezilandelayo :.

- imibhalo design;

- izindawo zokukhiqiza;

- izindawo zokukhiqiza;

- imisebenzi ubuchwepheshe kanye ukukhiqizwa;

- imishini kwezobuchwepheshe;

- amasevisi, umsebenzi umkhiqizo, kukhiqizwa.

Kuye ngokuthi yiziphi uhlamvu unomsebenzi, kunezinye nokuningi enemininingwane division ngenhla.

izakhi Ukunikeza yephrojekthi yilezi: ezezimali, izinto zokusetshenziswa, imitfombolusito yeluntfu (izisebenzi), igumbi futhi endaweni indawo, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, nezinye izakhi anomthelela nokuqaliswa kwalo nokuthuthukiswa.

amaphrojekthi Investment

Investment cishe wonke amaphrojekthi, kusukela iningi lazo zidinga imali ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukutshalwa kwezimali isb. Esikhathini izincwadi iphrojekthi ukuhlaziywa nokuhlela utshalomali, kusho eyinkimbinkimbi wamabhizinisi esihlobene, okuyinto zihlose Okuqondiwe ethile isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi utshalomali kungaba kwenziwe ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene: esikalini we ukutshalwa kwezimali, izinhloso, izinga lobungozi, degree of interconnectivity, imigomo. Ikakhulukazi, isikali utshalomali encane esabiwe, bendabuko, ezinkulu kanye mega-.

E-US naseNtshonalanga Yurophu befanele kulabo amaphrojekthi amancane ogama value lingaphansi kuka 300 ayizinkulungwane. Dollars. Isilinganiso (ngenye ngokuthi esivamile) abe ukubaluleka ayizinkulungwane 300. Kufika $ 2 million .. nemisebenzi emikhulu - labo babe nesu futhi kwadla imali engaphezu kuka-2 ama-dollar ayisigidi. Ekugcineni, mega-amaphrojekthi - izinhlelo target ngamazwe noma kazwelonke ukuthi sihlanganise eziningana amaphrojekthi utshalomali ukuthi babe inhloso lefanako. izindleko zabo zokhahlamba kusuka 1 dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.

Esikhathini umkhuba Russian isungule eziningana ngezigaba ezahlukene amaphrojekthi utshalomali. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho nsuku yokuncintisana abelwe eyodwa izinsiza utshalomali, yena uqagula zamaRandi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 ezibhekwa ezinkulu.

Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi zemfundo

Zingaba siqu neqembu. Ngakho, ngamunye kubo kunezinzuzo obungenakuphikwa. Kukhona ekhethekile iphrojekthi indlela, okuyinto abekwe ngezansi ngezigaba. Lolu hlelo lwemfundo, ulwazi kanye namakhono okuyinto zitholwa phakathi kwenqubo self-ukuhlela futhi ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi abafundi - imisebenti leyentiwako, kancane kancane zandise izinto eyinkimbinkimbi.

Okungenzeka amaphrojekthi zemfundo ngezigaba:

- Ububanzi bemisebenzi;

- ezindaweni thematic;

- inani abadlali;

- isikhathi kokusebenza;

- ukubaluleka imiphumela.

Bonke ngothi lwabo, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo, eliyingqayizivele futhi inimitable, enqophe imigomo ethize, okudinga nokudidiyela imisebenzi ehlobene inter-kulinganiselwe isikhathi.

Projects phezu eyinkimbinkimbi kungaba inter-ndaba futhi monoproekty. Kwakamuva eyenziwa ngaphakathi endaweni eyodwa kuphela noma isihloko zezemfundo. Imikhakha eyahlukene wenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa ochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngaphandle kwesikole.

Ngu ubunjalo oxhumana zabo kungenziwa ihlukaniswe ngamazwe, yesifunda, futhi naphakathi-vnutriklassnye. Njengomthetho, ezimbili zokuqala zenziwa yamaphrojekthi ezokuxhumana, usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla nezindlela Inthanethi.

Uma sithatha njengesisekelo umsebenzi owawukhona abafundi, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kungaba avelele:

- umkhuba ngamakhasimende okusalungiswa;

- Ucwaningo;

- Imininingwane;

- lokusungula;

- indima.

Ngokuphathelene ubude, bungabonakala:

- mini-amaphrojekthi ukuthi zihlobana isifundo esisodwa noma ingxenye yalo;

- yesikhashana, eyenzelwe 4-6 amakilasi;

- amaphrojekthi masonto onke, edinga amahora 30-40 futhi kuhilelani inhlanganisela ekilasini futhi extra-curricular izinhlobo umsebenzi, kanye dive okujulile kubo, okubenza babe ifomu kahle inhlangano umsebenzi wokwakha;

- yesikhathi eside (lonyaka owodwa), kokubili iqembu futhi ngabanye (njengoba umthetho, yenziwa ngaphandle kwamahora avamile ukusebenza).

A ezihlukahlukene amaphrojekthi

Ukwahlukanisa amaphrojekthi, ukuphathwa project, njengoba ubona, abazenzi hhayi kuphela abaphathi kanye nososayensi. Abaningi sibhekene nabo emisebenzini babo bomsebenzi, e othisha ethile. Abafundi, ngasendleleni, futhi ivame inikezwe umsebenzi ukwenza "ngesihloko iphrojekthi ...". Lokhu kuyozisiza emisebenzini yabo esizayo okhokhelwayo. Project on isihloko ezihlongozwayo nguthishela nobe ekhethwe ngokwakho, ngokuvamile ubhekwa khona njengento ukudedelwa nobe luhlolo ephepheni.