KumiswaIsayensi

Sisindvo neutron, i-proton, electron - ukuthi abafana ngazo?

Njengoba-ke kwenzeka kuphela ukuhlangana into engaziwa, ngakho kukhona qiniseka Mercantile-zezwe umbuzo - futhi kanjani isisindo saso singamakhilogremu kakhulu. Kodwa uma lokhu akwaziwa - i kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi, kuyobe sekwenzekani? Futhi akukho lutho, umbuzo usalokhu uwukuthi: yini isisindo nezinhlayiya. Uma othile ukwenza ngokubala izindleko kuzona abantu anelise ilukuluku lakhe ukufunda ngokunembile ukukala uquqaba izinhlayiya aphansi ke singathanda ukwazi ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, i-mass neutron e amakhilogremu nenombolo obumangalisayo amaqanda emva iphuzu zamadesimali, izindleko lwesintu ezibizayo kuka ukwakhiwa eqolo nge inani elifanayo amaqanda ngaphambi iphuzu zamadesimali.

Konke kwaqala ezihambela nje: endaweni yokucwaninga eliholwa J. Dzh.Tomsonom ngo-1897 olwenziwa ekutadisheni cathode imisebe .. Umphumela wayezimisele ngumuntu njalo jikelele yonke - isilinganiso mass electron ukukhokhisa i isilinganiso. Ngaphambi ekutholeni nenqwaba i-electron isizofika - ukunquma icala layo. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-12, Robert Millikan wakwazi ukukwenza. Yena bazama falling emkhakheni kagesi amaconsi uwoyela, futhi wakwazi hhayi kuphela ukulinganisela isisindo ukubaluleka emkhakheni, kodwa futhi ukwenza izilinganiso ezidingekayo futhi mncane kakhulu. yi wabo - ukubaluleka kwamanani ka mass electron:

kimi = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Ngalesi sikhathi, futhi izifundo isakhiwo ka-nucleus yama-athomu, okuyinto eye yaba iphayona Ernest 'uRutherford. Nguye, ubukele kusakazeka izinhlayiya icala, uye okuhlongozwayo imodeli kuyi-athomu ye ne yangaphandle electron igobolondo kanye nucleus omuhle. I kuyizinhlayiyana, okuyinto kwamaplanethi imodeli-athomu siphakamisiwe indima nucleus elula athomu bombardment eyatholakala ngesikhathi ukugeleza nitrogen-alpha-reyi. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-ukusabela kokuqala zenuzi etholwe endaweni yokucwaninga - yi yayo eyatholakala kusukela nitrogen ne-oxygen nuclei esizayo ama-athomu ye-hydrogen, lezi-proton. Nokho, i-alpha imisebe aqukethe izinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezu ka-proton ezimbili ayiqukethe i-neutron ezimbili ezengeziwe. Neutron mass cishe ilingane mass-proton kanye isisindo ingqikithi-alpha-kuyizinhlayiyana okuqinile etholwe ngempela ukuze abhubhise core kanye counter Chip kude "ucezu", nokuthi kwenzeka.

Flow proton omuhle baphambukile i ensimini kagesi, uhlawula kuka kwako kuye kwabangela amandla adonsela phansi. Kulezi ucwaningo ukucacisa nesisindo se-proton akunzima. Kodwa okuthakazelisa kakhulu kwaba umbuzo onjani ubuhlobo kukhona nesisindo se-proton ne-electron. Riddle ngokushesha ixazululwe: mass proton idlula mass electron kancane izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-1836.

Ngakho, ekuqaleni, imodeli athomu azithathele uRutherford njengoba electron-i-proton isethi nge inani elifanayo proton ne-electron. Nokho, maduze nje kwathi imodeli eyinhloko zenuzi alimchazi ngokugcwele yonke imiphumela baphawula phezu ekusebenzisaneni izinhlayiya aphansi. Kuphela ngo-1932, Dzheyms Chedvik waqinisekisa umbono izinhlayiya ezengeziwe nucleus. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu neutrons, ama-proton, hlangothi, kusukela abazange babe necala. Kuyinto leli qiniso kubangela angena zabo ngaphezulu - kazichithi amandla abo ku ionization zingashayisani ama-athomu. neutron mass ethe xaxa kunokuba nenqwaba proton - ingqikithi 2.6 electron uquqaba ngaphezulu.

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali izinto futhi compounds okuyinto akhiwa lesi sici, kunqunywa inani proton ku nucleus ye-athomu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iqhaza ukuqinisekisile of proton e abaqinile okunye ukuxhumana eliyisisekelo: kagesi, okudonsa futhi ibuthakathaka. Ngakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ophathwa neutron okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi, kanye namandla i-proton ne-neutron ekusebenzisaneni kubhekwa njengento aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana nucleon e ezahlukene quantum uthi. Ingxenye ukufana kwamazwi ukuziphatha elandayo lalezi zinhlobo kungenxa yokuthi nenqwaba-neutron kuncane kakhulu sihluke nenqwaba proton. proton ukuzinza evumela ukusetshenziswa pre-kuyashesha ukuba ngesivinini, njengoba izinhlayiya bombarding ukusabela zenuzi.

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