Imfundo:Isayensi

UVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: biography, impumelelo yesayensi, amaqiniso athakazelisayo okuvela ekuphileni

UVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - sefilosofi edumile emhlabeni Russian kanye semvelo. Wathatha indima ebhekile emphakathini yezwe. Kuyinto umsunguli avelele izakhiwo ezinkulu Earth Sciences. izindawo yakhe yokutadisha kuhlanganisiwe izimboni ezifana:

  • biogeochemistry;
  • Geochemistry;
  • radiogeology;
  • hydrogeology.

He is umdali izikole kakhulu ngokwesayensi. Kusukela 1917 kuyinto academician we-Russian Academy of Sciences, futhi ngo-1925 - Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Ngo-1919 waba ohlala lokuqala Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ngaleso sikhathi - UProfesa YaseMoscow Institute. Nokho, wesula. Lesi senzo somusa kuwuphawu wokumelana kabi abafundi.

Eveziwe wacabanga Vladimira Ivanovicha Vernadskogo Waba isiqalo sokuthuthukisa picture lesimanje lesayensi zomhlaba. Umqondo oyinhloko usosayensi iye kuhlanganiswe imiqondo lesayensi nokuthuthuka ezifana uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ngokusho kwakhe, igama elithi uchaza ophilayo yasemhlabeni igobolondo Zomhlaba. Vernadsky uVladimir Ivanovich ( "noosphere" ubuye eside owasungulwa usosayensi) efunde eziyinkimbinkimbi lephelele, okuyinto inendima enkulu hhayi kuphela baphile igobolondo, kodwa futhi isici womuntu. Izimfundiso Uprofesa ehlakaniphile futhi onomqondo of ubudlelwano babantu kanye imvelo ayikwazanga abe elikhulu kumiswa ukwazi yemvelo yesayensi zonke Umuntu ocabangelayo.

Vernadsky khona umsekeli esebenzayo ye cosmism isiRashiya, ogxile umqondo ubunye cosmos futhi yaso sonke isintu. Futhi, uVladimir wayengumholi we yoMthethosisekelo-Democrats kanye Liberals Zemsky ukunyakaza. Wathola Prize State of the USSR ngo-1943.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha academician esizayo

Vernadsky uVladimir Ivanovich (Umlando uyakufakaza lokhu) wazalelwa e-St Petersburg ngo-March 12 ngonyaka 1863. Wayehlala nomkhaya zasebukhosini. Uyise wayengumGreki oyisazi sezomnotho nonina - kowesifazane wokuqala Russian wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Abazali izingane kukhona sasivumela abamaphephandaba owaziwa kanye zezomnotho futhi ungalokothi ukhohlwe imisuka yakhe.

Ngokusho yetinsita umndeni, Vernadsky ozalwa evela gentry Lithuanian-Verna, abambuka kuya Cossacks kanye nabasePoland wayebulewe ngokusisekela kwabo Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

Ngo-1873, indaba yethu iqhawe waqala izifundo zakhe laseKharkov esikoleni. Futhi ngo-1877-m umndeni wakhe waphoqeleka ukuba bathuthele Petersburg. Ngaleso sikhathi, uVladimir wabhalisa esikoleni esiphakeme futhi ngathola iziqu ngempumelelo. Edolobheni ku iNeva uyise Vernadsky - Ivan - livula inkampani yakhe ukushicilela, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "ukuphrinta endlini Slavic", kanye ophethe esitolo sezincwadi phezu saseNevsky Prospekt.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nantathu esikhathini academician esizayo uqale ukubonisa isithakazelo umlando wemvelo, lwamaSlav, kanye nokuphila emphakathini esebenzayo.

1881 yayinezinto izenzakalo. Imingcele ivaliwe umagazini kayise, ngubani ngesikhathi esifanayo nalo ikhubazeke. Futhi wabulawa u-Alexander II. njengoba Vernadsky yena ngempumelelo kudlule izivivinyo emnyango futhi waqala impilo yakhe umfundi at Petersburg University.

Isifiso babe usosayensi

Vernadsky, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako njengoba othandwayo impumelelo yakhe yesayensi, waqala izifundo zakhe e-University of St. Petersburg ngo 1881. Yena waba nenhlanhla uthole izinkulumo Mendeleev, ngubani wakhuthaza abafundi, futhi ngekutfutfukisa emakhono abo ukuzethemba futhi wafundisa ngokwanele benqoba ubunzima.

Ngo 1882, i-Scientific and Literary Society yasungulwa eyunivesithi lapho Vernadsky wathola ilungelo ukuhola mineralogy. UProfesa Dokuchaev yabhekisela yokuthi lo mfundi osemncane ifunda ukuba bagcine izinqubo zemvelo. umuzwa omuhle uVladimir waba uprofesa ihlelwe bomkhankaso, okuzokwenza ukuthi kutholakale abafundi ukuba eminyakeni embalwa ukuze uthole ngokusebenzisa umzila wokuqala umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Ngo 1884 Vernadsky iba umsebenzi iKhabhinethi mineralogical Petersburg University, sibambe sipho Dokuchaeva efanayo. Ngawo lowo nyaka yena siqala ifa ifa. Futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili ukuze bashade nentombazane enhle Natalia Staritskaya. Ngokushesha abe nendodana UGeorge esikhathini esizayo iyoba onguprofesa Yale University.

Ngo-March 1888 Vernadsky (Umlando uchaza uhambo lwakhe zokuphila) uyaqhubeka ngezebhizinisi futhi wavakashela Vienna, Naples kanye Munich. uyiqala kanjalo umsebenzi wakhe e-laboratory Crystallography phesheya.

Futhi ngemva kokuphothula unyaka enyuvesi zezemfundo Vernadsky enquma alulame ku evakashele eYurophu ukuvakashela Mineralogical Museum. Phakathi nalolo hambo, waya lenkomfa wesihlanu lomhlangano International Geological, okwenzeka ngo-England. Lapha wabe esengeniswa eBritish Association of Science.

Moscow University

UVladimir Vernadsky, kufika e Moscow, waba womfundisi e-University of eMoscow, ngokuthatha esikhundleni sikayise. Esesandleni sakhe wayengumuntu omkhulu chemical laboratory kanye cwaningo mineralogical. Ngokushesha Vernadsky uVladimir Ivanovich (biology wayengakabi iteresovala kangaka usosayensi abasha) waqala abathethise ngesikhathi uphiko lokuqeqeshela ezokwelapha nezingokwenyama-zezibalo. Abafundi kahle wakhuluma nangesinye solwazi olubalulekile futhi ewusizo, okuyinto wanika uthisha.

Vernadsky wachaza mineralogy njengendlela isiyalo yesayensi evumela ukufunda amaminerali ezifana zemvelo ezibangela uqweqwe.

Ngo-1902, hero indaba yethu zobudokotela e crystallography waba uprofesa egcwele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wathatha iqhaza engqungqutheleni ka izazi zokuma komhlaba ezivela emhlabeni wonke, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-Moscow.

Ngo 1892 Vernadsky emkhayeni kwadingeka ingane yesibili - indodakazi, uNina. Ngaleso sikhathi, indodana endala kwaba kakade iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye.

Ngokushesha lo profesa uphawula ukuthi "wakhula" kwesayensi entsha lonke wahlukana mineralogy. Izimiso zalo, wathi kulowo mhlangano esilandelayo odokotela nososayensi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imboni entsha - Geochemistry.

Meyi 4, 1906 uVladimir Ivanovich baba likaprofesa e mineralogy ngesikhathi Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Iphinde kuqokwa inhloko yoMnyango Mineralogy Geological Museum. Ngo-1912 Vernadskii (biography ke - ubufakazi okuqondile) iba zezemfundo.

Ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke, usosayensi iqoqa futhi kuletha ekhaya iqoqo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu yamatshe. Futhi ngo-1910, semvelo Italian ucingo evulekile uVladimir Ivanovich amaminerali "vernadskitom".

imisebenzi yakhe nokufundisa kileso Uprofesa eMoscow University igcwaliswe ngo-1911. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, uhulumeni wahlulwa esidlekeni ubusosha. Kumbhikisho yezindawo phezulu kwesokunxele wesithathu othisha.

Life Petersburg

Ngo-September 1911 usosayensi uVladimir Vernadsky kuhanjiswe ku Petersburg. Omunye izimpikiswano abanesifiso uprofesa, kwaba ukuguqulwa Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences esikhungweni global. Ngo-1911, i-Museum wathola irekhodi leenomboro amaminerali amaqoqo - 85. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona kwamadwala umsuka ezisemkhathini (emkhathini). Ziphephile eziye zatholakala hhayi kuphela e-Russia, kodwa futhi amazwe eMadagascar, Italy naseNorway. Nge amaqoqo entsha Museum Petersburg isibe omunye okungcono emhlabeni. Ngo-1914, ngenxa ukwanda abasebenzi kwakhiwa Mineralogical futhi Geological Museum. Vernadsky baba umqondisi walo.

Ngesikhathi ehlala e-usosayensi Petersburg uzama ukudala Lomonosov Institute, eyayizoba aqukethe neminye iminyango eminingana: zamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba futhi mineralogical. Kodwa, ngeshwa, uhulumeni waseRussia wayengafuni esingakanani okufanele usichithe izimali zakhe.

Njengoba kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ukubolekisa ngoba Radium eRussia aqala ukuncipha kakhulu, ukuze masishane yaphuka ngenxa kwezilwandle nge izinkanyiso isayensi. Vernadsky yasungulwa ukwakha ikomidi ukutadisha zemvelo amabutho elikhiqizayo Russia. IBhodi, eyayihlanganisa abantu amahlanu nesithupha, u eliholwa usosayensi othile. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi uVladimir waqala ukuqonda ukuthi impilo yonke zesayensi kanye yomphakathi yakhiwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke sibi eRussia, uKhomishane, kunalokho, ukunwetshwa. Futhi ngo-1916 wakwazi ukuhlela nane mikhankaso zesayensi izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Esikhathini esifanayo, Academician Vernadsky wakwazi beka iinsekelo isayensi entsha ngokuphelele - biogeochemistry, owawungumnyaka ukufunda hhayi kuphela imvelo, kodwa futhi ubunjalo endoda ngokwayo.

Vernadsky indima ekuthuthukiseni isayensi Ukrainian

Ngo-1918 Vernadsky endlini, elakhiwa ngo Poltava, ngafa olwembiza by amaBolshevik. Ngisho naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-Ukraine amaJalimane weza, usosayensi wakwazi ukuhlela Uhambo eziningana Geological, kanye ukwenza isethulo ngesihloko esithi "Ukuphila sendaba."

Ngemva ushintsho amandla, futhi waqala ukubusa le Hetman Skoropadsky, kwanqunywa ukuba ahlele Ukraine Academy of Sciences. Lona umsebenzi obalulekile esiphathiswe Vernadsky. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi iningi isixazululo omuhle kungaba ukuthatha isibonelo Russian Academy of Sciences. Lesi sikhungo kwaba ukuba bafake isandla ekuthuthukiseni zokuphila ngokwenyama nangokomoya abantu, kanye nokwanda amabutho ithele. Vernadsky, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako isiqinisekiso izenzakalo eziningi kwenzekani e-Ukraine, bavuma ukuthatha endabeni ebalulekile enjalo, kodwa zasibekela umbandela wokuthi ngeke yisizalwane Ukraine.

Ngo-1919 wavula UAS, kanye umtapo zesayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi abasebenza ekutholakaleni emanyuvesi eziningana e-Ukraine. Nokho, ngisho lokhu kwakunganele Vernadsky. Yena enquma uzizamele ophilayo ndaba. Futhi omunye ucwaningo ezifana wanikeza yi ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile. Kodwa nge obhekwe amaBolshevik kukhona ekhatsi Kiev kuba yingozi, ngakho uVladimir iyiswe esiteshini yemvelo Staroselie. ingozi Okungalindelekile iphoqa ukuba aye eCrimea, lapho umkakhe nendodakazi yabo babelinde khona.

Isayensi Philosophy

UVladimir Vernadsky babekholelwa ukuthi ifilosofi nesayensi - lawa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele ukwazi emhlabeni yomuntu. Sinenkosi izinto ezahlukene ucwaningo. Kodwa amafilosofi alinaso imingcele futhi ibonisa konke. Futhi isayensi, ngokuphambene, inomkhawulo - emhlabeni wangempela. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiqondo bangamathe nolimi. Ifilosofi - uhlobo "yokudla okunempilo" imvelo ngesayensi. Ososayensi asikisela ukuba ukuphila - kuba ingxenye efanayo i yonke okuphakade, njengoba amandla noma ababalulekile.

Ngo zokuphila kwakhe iminyaka yokugcina, uVladimir Ivanovich waveza umqondo wakhe yefilosofi ukuphambana izici zokuphila esifundeni engqondweni, ukuthi iyona uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli phakathi noosphere. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umqondo womuntu - lena amandla aqondisayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakho izinqubo zemvelo esikhundleni bayazi.

Geochemistry kanye Biosphere

Ngo-1924, uVladimir Vernadsky wanyathelisa incwadi enesihloko esithi "Geochemistry". Umsebenzi ayebhalwe French futhi zakhululwa Paris. iminyaka emithathu kuphela kamuva, "Tindzaba ku Geochemistry" yavela kuyi-Russian.

Kulesi usosayensi umsebenzi generalizes ukwaziswa okuwusizo futhi theory ohlupha athomu uqweqwe, kanye ukutadisha yemvelo Ukwakheka geospheres. Kulesi umsebenzi ofanayo lanikeza nombono wokuthi "ophilayo ndaba" - iqoqo eziphilayo izifundo ngendlela efanayo njengoba nanoma yiluphi olunye udaba: ukuchaza isisindo sabo, amakhemikhali ukwakheka namandla. Geochemistry uye lichazwa ngokuthi isayensi ukuthi ufunda Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nemithetho Lokusakaza izakhi zamakhemikhali Emhlabeni. izinqubo Geochemical bayakwazi ukumboza yonke igobolondo. Emangalisa kakhulu ngokwahlukana inqubo kubhekwa izinto ngesikhathi solidification kanye nokupholisa. Futhi lapha ungumthombo zonke izinqubo geochemical ubhekwa amandla kwelanga, amandla adonsela phansi nokushisa.

Ukusebenzisa imithetho ukusatshalaliswa izakhi zamakhemikhali, ososayensi Russian bayatfutfuka izibikezelo geochemical, kanye nezindlela ukuthola namaminerali.

Vernadsky wenza isiphetho sokuthi yiziphi izenzo ukuphila ungenziwa kuphela khona ngesimo linganisa - uhlelo olukhulu "ophilayo endaweni". Ngo-1926, uprofesa wanyathelisa incwadi "Biosphere" lapho echaza zonke izisekelo esivelele sezimfundiso zakhe. Le ncwadi wathola encane, ebhalwe ngolimi olulula zokudala. Kwaholela ekubeni okwajabulisa abafundi abaningi.

Vernadsky washayelwa ebamba isisu biogeochemical we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Kuleyo ncwadi umqondo wawubhekwa njengophawu okuphilayo, ehlanganisa ezihlukahlukene izakhi zamakhemikhali ezitholakala zonke izinto eziphilayo sabantu.

biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry kuyinto isayensi ukuthi ufunda Ukwakheka, isakhiwo, ngokuyisisekelo eziphilayo ndaba. Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba zimiso ezibalulekile eziningana, okubonisa imodeli zomhlaba.

Yini watshela uVladimir Vernadsky?

I linganisa - imvelo ephilayo Zomhlaba - awasoze abuyela esimweni saso sangaphambilini, ngakho eshintsha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa ukuziphilela ndaba has a njalo nomthelela geochemical phezu kwezwe elisizungezile.

emkhathini woMhlaba - ukwakheka biogenic, njengoba umzabalazo-mpilo emhlabeni wonke kubaluleke ngaphezu ekulweni ukudla.

Enamandla kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene eziphilayo amandla emhlabeni kuyinto webhaktheriya, evulekile ngisho Leeuwenhoek.

Ngo-1943, usosayensi waklonyeliswa oda nokulandelela le Stalin Prize. Ingxenye yokuqala Uprofesa lomholo owazinika ukuzivikela Homeland Fund kanye yesibili esichithwa ukuthengwa amaqoqo Geological we-Russian Academy of Sciences.

imfundiso Vernadsky mayelana uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye noosphere

Noosphere - imvilophu okuhlangene Geological Zomhlaba, kwakheka ngenxa ezamasiko kanye kwezobuchwepheshe isintu, kanye nezimo zemvelo futhi izinqubo okuyinto. Wumgomo ebaluleke kakhulu mqondo indima ithonya abazi abantu emvelweni.

imfundiso Vernadsky mayelana uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye noosphere uhlola ukuvela ukwazi ngenxa kwemvelo okunengqondo. Futhi uprofesa kwaba alibikezele ukunwetshwa kwemingcele noosphere, okusho ukuthola indoda emkhathini. Ngokusho Vernadsky, le noosphere kuyisisekelo Ukuvumelana bemvelo indoda. Ngakho-ke, nezidalwa inkululeko sizathu, qaphela lokhu kuvumelana hhayi ukuba alibhubhise.

I yekucala kwavela noosphere kuyinto ukuvela ku ukuphila komuntu amathuluzi kuqala futhi umlilo - ngakho waphendukela ngokunenzuzo izilwane nezitshalo zomhlaba, waqala izinqubo kakhulu indalo izitshalo kutshalwa futhi ukufuywa kwezilwane. Futhi manje le ndoda iba kungaqali ukwenza njengomuntu okunengqondo, futhi njengoba umdali.

Kodwa isayensi okhuluma cwaningo izenzo ezilimazayo lesintu kwimvelo, uvele ngemva kokufa Vernadsky wabiza ngemvelo. Kodwa lokhu isayensi akusho ukufunda umsebenzi Geological abantu nemiphumela yaso.

Iqhaza isayensi

UVladimir Ivanovich uye bathole okuningi okubalulekile. Kusukela ngo-1888 kuya ku-1897 usosayensi athuthukile nomqondo silicates, kunqunywa Ukwahlukaniswa compounds siliceous, futhi babuye betfulelwe indlela umqondo-nucleus kaolin.

Ngo 1890-1911 GG. Waba nguyise mineralogy zofuzo kokufaka uxhumano obukhethekile phakathi indlela amaminerali crystallization, kanye nengoma futhi lasungulwa genesis.

ososayensi Russian Vernadsky Wasiza ekuhleleni nasekuhambiseni izimpahla isakhiwo ulwazi emkhakheni Geochemistry. Abacwaningi lokuqala isifundo lephelele hhayi kuphela emkhathini woMhlaba, kodwa futhi lithosphere futhi hydrosphere. Ngo-1907 kwaqala radiogeology.

Eminyakeni 1916-1940 obala imigomo eyinhloko biogeochemistry, futhi kwaba nombhali isifundiso uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye kwemvelo yayo. Vernadskiy uVladimir Ivanovich, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo okuyinto washaya wonke, wakwazi ukufunda okuqukethwe ambalwa izici bukhoma umzimba, kanye nemisebenzi geochemical abawenza. Wethula nomqondo ukwedlulela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli phakathi noosphere.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Isakhiwo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ngokusho kombiko uVladimir Ivanovich, babe izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eyinhloko impahla:

  1. Ama-athomu omoya gqwa.
  2. Izinto okubangelwa ophilayo.
  3. Izakhi Lokudabuka cosmic.
  4. Izinto ezakhiwe ngaphandle ekuphileni.
  5. Elements zokuwohloka enemisebe.
  6. Biokostnye.
  7. Ukuhlala izidakamizwa.

Wawusho uVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, uyazi yonke indoda self-ukuhlonipha. Wayekholelwa ukuthi konke okuphilayo ingaqala kuphela isikhala real, okuyinto libhekene isakhiwo ethile. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ophilayo ndaba uhambelana isikhala, izinto Nokho okwengeziwe, kulapho izikhala ezinjalo.

Kodwa ukwedlulela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli phakathi noosphere ubephelezelwa izici eziningana:

  1. Zokuhlala Homo sapiens yonkana kobuso iplanethi enguMhlaba, kanye ukunqoba kwako futhi ukubusa phezu kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
  2. Ukudalwa elinobunye Imininingwane uhlelo lonke lwesintu.
  3. Ukutholakala imithombo entsha amandla (njenge ikakhulukazi Nuclear). Ngemva intuthuko enjalo isintu siye samukela ibutho kubaluleke kakhulu futhi enamandla umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.
  4. Ikhono ukuphatha uquqaba womuntu.
  5. Ukwanda kwenani labantu abenza isayensi. Le factor futhi unika isintu amandla amasha umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

UVladimir Vernadsky, ogama umnikelo biology kubalulekile, sasibonisa ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba futhi ekholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa engelapheki yolwazi ngokwesayensi - lena ubufakazi obuzwakalayo kwaphela ogade akhona.UZimu intuthuko.

isiphetho

Vernadsky Prospekt - mgwaqo omude kunayo yonke e Moscow, okuholela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yenhloko-dolobha. umsuka wayo kuthatha cishe Geochemistry Institute, ogama Umsunguli non-ososayensi, futhi liphethe ngamazwi Academy e-General Assembly Abasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, zonke lezi zilo sifanekisela okomnikelo Vernadsky kwezesayensi, okuyinto uboniswa ukuvikela izwe. Kulesi lemininingwane, njengoba ngiphuphe Usosayensi othile kukhona zocwaningo eziningana nokufundisa amanyuvesi.

Ububanzi nokwehluka sinesimo sengqondo kwezesayensi yesayensi kuwufanele uVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, mhlawumbe, bahluke kwezinye ososayensi omkhulu besikhathi sethu. Ikakhulu ngoba impumelelo yakhe wabonga othisha bakhe. Ngokuvamile, ukuthi walwa izimpilo abangane bakhe nabafundi abayizisulu uhlelo ingajezisa. Ngenxa a ingqondo elikhanyayo namakhono avelele kanye nabanye ososayensi wakwazi ukwakha izinhlaka zikahulumeni eziqinile ucwaningo esithinta umhlaba wonke.

yalo muntu yaphela esithubeni nje.

Disemba 25, 1944 uVladimir Ivanovich wabuza umkakhe ukuletha ikhofi. Futhi ngenkathi eya ekhishini, usosayensi kwaba nenkinga yokopha ebuchosheni. A amashwa efanayo kwamehlela uyise, indodana wayesaba ufe ukufa okufanayo. Ngemva kwaleso senzakalo, usosayensi wahlala izinsuku nantathu, futhi ungalokothi ephaphama. UVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky wafa 6 Januwari 1945.

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