Usizo Lokugcina

Umbuso owedlula yonke inani lensiza eyengeziwe eyongezwa ekusetshenzisweni kweyunithi ngayinye elandelanayo enhle. Umqondo walokho okusebenzayo, naphezu kohlamvu lwawo olungabonakali, sekuyisikhathi eside usetshenziselwa inkolelo yezomnotho ukucacisa izinga lokuzijabulisa, ukwaneliseka, noma inzuzo abantu abayithola ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla ezithile.

Inkolelo yokusetshenziswa kwemvelo yasuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19 njengenye indlela eya kumqondo womqondo wezabasebenzi wexabiso. Yakhiwa ngabamele abasikole base-Austria: E. Böhm-Bawerk, K. Menger, J. Schumpeter, F.F. U-Wieser, kanye no- A. Marshall, i- US Jevons noL. Walras.

Isisekelo salo sisezingeni lokuthi into ebalulekile ethinta ukubaluleka kwezinto ezithengiswayo yiyona esebenzayo, okuyinto encike ekuhloleni komuntu ngokwezidingo zakhe. Ukuze kucaciswe, cabangela isibonelo esilandelayo. Ake sithi umzukulu wangena ehlane laseSahara futhi ekushiseni okungaba ngu-40 ° omile kakhulu. Ephaketheni lakhe lamabhulukwe kukhona idayimane elincane. Futhi-ke kukhona iBedouin enekhwama yamanzi futhi inikezela ukushintshanisa idayimane ngamanzi. Kuthiwani kulokhu kuzoba usizo olukhulu kumuntu? Ngokusobala, amanzi, njengoba ngaphandle kwalo, ubungozi bokufa.

Ake sithathe esinye isibonelo. Cabanga ukuthi ngesikhathi esishisayo ngoJulayi, i-kiosk ne-ayisikhili ibambe iso lakho, futhi wanquma ukuthenga iphakheji elilodwa. Khona-ke, lapho udle ingxenye yokuqala, uzithenge owesibili, ngoba ufuna ice cream ngaphezulu, nakuba kungenjalo. Ngemuva kwephakheji yesibili, uqala ukucabanga: ukuthenga okwesithathu noma cha. Futhi uma othile enikela ukudla wesine noma yesihlanu, khona-ke ngeke uvumelane. Lesi sibonelo sichaza umthetho wokunciphisa amandla okusebenza, okusho ukuthi njengoba isidingo somuntu sigcwele , ukusekelwa kwento kuyo kuyanciphisa.

Abasekeli be-theory of utility marginal bakholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo noma isevisi "ukunyuka" komuntu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthengi, njengombuso, akaqondiswa yisimiso esithi "konke noma akukho", kodwa kancane kancane ukwandisa inani lempahla noma amasevisi adliwe, kuze kube yilapho eyanelisa isidingo sawo.

Ngakho-ke, ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi ukusiza okusemandleni, singathola iziphetho ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Kumthengi, impahla ngayinye eyengeziwe ifaka insiza eyengeziwe, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-marginal".
2. Uma inani lezimpahla umthengi enesikhathi sokudla, insizakalo encane ngayinye elandelayo yalomkhiqizo inayo. Ngakho-ke, kungacaciswa ngokuphepha ukuthi umbuso wezinto ezincane unomlingisi owehlayo. Futhi phakathi kokubaluleka komkhiqizo kanye nesevisi yangasese kukhona ubudlelwane obuphambene. Isisekelo salo sisezingeni lokuthi okungenani ubuningi bezimpahla (izimpahla) umuntu anakho, okuyigugu kulo mkhiqizo kuye. Kuvela ukuthi inani lalo linqunywe yizinga lezinsiza lapho i-unit yokugcina yalokhu okuhle inakho, ekwazi ukwanelisa isidingo esincane kakhulu.
3. Uma udla inombolo ethile yamayunithi womkhiqizo (isibonelo, i-ayisikhilimu), umuntu uthola isamba sezinsizakalo ezinciphisa ngesikhathi ngasinye. Ngombono wezomnotho, kuyisiko ukubiza ucingo oluvamile losizo oluseceleni "utilit". Uma ukusetshenziswa kwe-ayisikhilimu yokuqala kuzokunikeza umuntu usizo ekuhlungeni okungu-7, owesibili, 6, wesithathu no-5, no-4 yutil, khona-ke insiza ephelele yale mikhiqizo iyolingana nama-yutile angu-22 (futhi ukusetshenziswa komphakathi kuzoba yi-yutils angu-4). Ukwenqaba ingxenye ngayinye ejwayelekile ye-ayisikhilimu kuzomelwa ukwehla kwenani eliphelele (jikelele) lombuso kanye nokwanda okwenziwe ngesikhathi esisodwa emphakathini wephakeji yokugcina. Isibonelo, uma umuntu enqaba umthamo wesine, i-Umbuso wonke (TU) uzoba amayunithi angu-18, futhi amandla okusebenza okuphansi (i-MU) azoba ngama-5, ngokunqatshwa komsebenzi wesithathu, i-TU izoba amayunithi angu-13, kanti i-MU izokhula kuze kube ngu-6, njll. .