Imfundo:Isayensi

Izitshalo ezivuthayo nezingenabensi. Ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingensimbi. Izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi ziyi ...

Amamitha azungezile njalo futhi yonke indawo. Namuhla kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinto eziningi esizisebenzisa nsuku zonke. Kwanele nje ukubheka azungeze igumbi lapho ukhona ukuze uqonde ukuthi lokhu kunjalo ngempela.

Ngisho ebhentshini lesikole, siyazi ukuthi zonke lezizinto zamaminerali zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu - izinsimbi ezimnyama nezingezona ezimbi. Yikuphi kulabo ukuthi yiliphi iqembu, kufanele sithole. Yiziphi izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi ezikhona emhlabeni wethu?

Iyini insimbi emnyama?

Isigaba "sensimbi ensimbi" sihlanganisa insimbi nawo wonke ama-alloys ayo, ekhona manje. Ngendlela yayo ehlanzekile, insimbi itholakala kuphela kuma laboratories ocwaningo. Ngokuyinhloko kwaba.

Loluhlobo lwezinsimbi lwakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa i-iron ne-carbon bese wengeza izakhi ezengeziwe ezinikezela izitshalo ezivela kulowo noma ezinye izinto ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni okuthile (isibonelo, magnetic).

Yenza insimbi nensimbi

Njengomthetho, izitshalo ezivuthayo zihamba ngezigaba eziningana ezijwayelekile ekukhiqizeni: isizinda se-ore kanye nokucubungula kwesikhono somlilo. Emva kwalokho, insimbi iyatholakala, lapho kuzo zonke izinhlobo zensimbi nezinsimbi zensimbi ezitholakala khona. Lezi zamuva zivame ukusetshenziswa embonini enzima. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi ziyinto elula kakhulu nezinye izakhiwo eziningana, zisetshenziswa kwenye indawo.

Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi ensimbi kuhlanganisa u-93% wensimbi kanye no-3-5% wekhabhoni, kanye nezakhi ezinqatshiwe ezincane. Lezi zinto azivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza, ngoba zithekile. Ingatholakala ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezithile zamapayipi, ama-valve noma ama-valve. Kodwa iningi lentengo eyenziwe yensimbi yensimbi (engaphezu kwezingu-90%) iqhutshwa ibe yensimbi.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zensimbi ezenziwe ngensimbi yilezi: steel carbon and low-carbon (hardened) steel, ezingenasici, ferritic-chrome, chromic, i-martensitic-chromium, i-vanadium ye-chrome, i-alloyed, i-nickel, i-tungsten, i-molybdenum ne-manganese.

Iron Ore

Ngendlela yayo ehlanzekile, lesi sici setafula lezinkathi ezithile emkhakheni womhlaba uqukethwe ezincane kakhulu (kuphela 5.5%). Kodwa kakhulu ekubunjweni kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze- iron.

Izindleko ezibaluleke kunazo zonke (i-reserve ingamathani angaphezu kuka-30 trillion) yizingxenye ze-quartzite ezinomsoco, oneminyaka yobudala engaphezu kweminyaka emibili yezigidigidi. Zisakazwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu neNyakatho Melika, i-Afrika, iNdiya nasentshonalanga ye-Australia.

Yiziphi izinsimbi ezingekho ferrous

Enye iqembu elikhulu lezinsimbi, ngokuphambene nalokho okudlule, kunezakhiwo ezincane, ziyi-plastic, zinomshini wokucubungula omsakazo nokugesi, ukumelana nokubola, nezinye eziningi.

Izitsha ezingezona ezensimbi yigama elihlanganisiwe lazo zonke izinsimbi kanye nama-alloys, ngaphandle kwe-iron. Zingabuye zabizwe ngokuthi "izinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi", okuyiqiniso kakhulu.

Izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi ziyi:

- igolide, isiliva, i-platinum (izinsimbi eziyigugu);

- aluminium, titanium, magnesium, i-lithium, i-beryllium (ukukhanya);

- ithusi, tin, ukuhola, i-zinc, i-cobalt, i-nickel (esindayo);

- i-niobium, i-molybdenum, i-zirconium, i-chromium, i-tungsten (i-refractory);

- indium, gallium, thallium (abahlakazekile);

- scandium, yttrium nazo zonke lanthanides (umhlaba ongavamile);

- i-radium, i-technetium, i-actinium, i-polonium, i-thorium, i-france, i-uranium ne-transuranium elements (radioactive).

Umlando we-metallurgy engakhiwa

Izinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi manje zisetshenziselwa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwemishini, imboni yamakhemikhali, ukwakhiwa nezinye izindawo eziningi zokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe, ububanzi balezi zinto bukhula njalo, kanti ubuchwepheshe bokufakelwa kwensimbi kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusebenzisa izinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi sekukhulile, okuholela ekutholakaleni kwezakhi ezintsha namagama. Izitshalo eziningi zaqala ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwasetshenziswa iziqu ezingaba ngu-15, futhi emva kweminyaka engu-50 - kabili kuningi. Kuze kube manje, kusetshenziswa izinsimbi ezingaphezu kwezingu-70, okuyiningi phakathi kwalabaziwa manje.

Ukukhula kwesidingo semithwalo esindayo engeyona ifoni kwakungenxa yezidingo ezikhulayo zemboni yezempi (ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu), kuyilapho iqembu elikhanyayo lisetshenziselwa imboni ye-aerospace.

Iqembu lamacici ahloniphekile lisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ubucwebe nemifino. Ngekhulu lama-90 leminyaka lama-20, i-78% yegolide, i-36% ye-platinum ne-15% yesiliva yayisetshenziselwa lokhu. Uma sithatha ezinye izigaba lapho kusetshenziselwa khona izinsimbi ezingasona ezensimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-electronic (oxhumana nabo begolide kumadivayisi), ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto (cishe amaphesenti angu-43 e-platinum), futhi isiliva isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nezithombe ezithombeni.

Izici zezinsimbi ezingenabensi

Insimbi ngayinye yaleli qembu inezindawo ezinquma ukuthi iningi lalo liyiliphi. Lokhu futhi kunquma ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingenabensi ezindaweni eziningi zomkhakha.

Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, iningi labo linomthamo wokushisa ophezulu kanye nokuqhuba okune-thermal, okubenza bakwazi ukupholisa ngokushesha ngemva kwe-welding. Kunenkinga kulokhu: uma usebenzisa izinsimbi ezifana ne-magnesium nethusi, kubalulekile ukuwashisa ngokuqondile ngaphambi kokushukela, futhi ngesikhathi senqubo udinga ukusebenzisa imithombo yokushisa enamandla ukuze ingapholile.

Esinye isakhiwo esiwuphawu lokunciphisa izakhiwo zomshini. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusebenza nabo ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukuguquguquka.

Izitshalo ezingenalutho ziyasabela ngokufudumele ngamagesi ngesikhathi sokushisa. Le ndawo iboniswa ngokucacile yi-titanium, i-molybdenum ne-tantalum.

Leli qembu lensimbi lingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside, kodwa kudingeka livikelwe emoyeni, elibhubhisa izinsimbi. Ukwenza lokhu, abaqhubi, isibonelo, bahlanganiswe ne-varnish evikelayo. I-pre-metal ingahle ibonwe ngezendlalelo ezimbili.

I-Copper ihora

Loluhlobo lwe-ore luvame kakhulu esigabeni 'semibala'. Le nsimbi nayo inesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sokusetshenziswa: ukwakhiwa, amandla ezimboni, ukwakha izindiza, imithi, ukukhiqizwa kwama-exchange exchange exchanges kanye nabanye abaningi.

Izindawo zokufaka amatafula nazo zihlukile. Namuhla, ukubaluleka okunamandla kunamathele emahlathini amasha asakazwe (we-porphyry type), ahlushwa emagodini ezintaba-mlilo. Isakhi samakhemikhali sakhiwa esisombululo esishisayo esivela ku-magmatic foci. Isitoreji esikhulu se-ore enjalo siseMelika.

Olunye uhlobo lwendwangu yethusi luyi-pyrite, olukhishwe ngaphansi kwezilwandle nolwandle. Umthombo yizwe ezweni lama-Urals.

Futhi omunye umthombo omkhulu wamatshe anjalo yi-sandstone yamatshe (isifunda saseChita eRussia, eKatanga e-Afrika).

Ngakho-ke, izinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi ziyimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenza izinto eziningi ezisizungezile.

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