Uwoyela Engine: kophawu, incazelo, ngezigaba. Yini izimpawu uwoyela motor?

Indawo yezihlanganisi amafutha ezisetshenziswa indoda sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka 3.5. Ngisho imishini elula edinga kubo. Ngaphambi kokufika uwoyela nemikhiqizo yalo asetshenziswa amafutha yemifino kanye ezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, lalisetshenziswa ukusebenza umusi izinjini uwoyela rapeseed. Lokhu kwaziswa ithobela kahle onesigqi evele futhi hhayi wageza off ngamanzi umusi.

Ngo-1859, kwakunabamemezeli imikhiqizo uwoyela, okuyinto yakha isendlalelo sokobana ukudalwa amafutha amaminerali. Njengoba sekunama-polymeric viscosity lwewashi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka yenguquko ukusuka ebusika ehlobo futhi zonke zonyaka izingoma.

Izinhlobo motor amafutha

Umkhiqizo laqanjwa materials. It liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: i- uwoyela isizinda futhi okufakiwe iphakethe. Lesi sakamuva ukunikeza ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo umkhiqizo. Kuye indlela yokukhiqiza amafutha isizinda ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu.

1. amaminerali ezithathwa kuyi-petroleum (amaminerali).

2. Zokwenziwa, eyinkimbinkimbi umphumela Petrochemical zamagama. Ukumaka zokwenziwa uwoyela motor - zokwenziwa ngokugcwele. Qualitative kakhulu futhi kuyabiza.

3. Semi-zokwenziwa, ekhiqizwa esisekelweni amaminerali ne ukwengeza izingxenye zokwenziwa kakhulu (semi zokwenziwa). A ebucayini ukucabangela isilinganiso izinga / intengo.

amafutha Zokwenziwa babe eziningi eziwusizo mayelana amaminerali.

aphoyintimenti

Injongo eyinhloko Lubrication - ekwakhekeni mncane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ifilimu elinamandla ebusweni izingxenye ukuhilizisana ukuze ugweme ukuxhumana ngqo microroughness. Ngakho bafake lincishisiwe.

Isabelo motor amafutha: jikelele, ngoba upetrol kanye ne-diesel. Iqembu ahlukene - I-ezimbili-unhlangothi powerplants. Lokhu kufakazelwa kophawu ezifanele motor amafutha: ukubaluleka «udizili», «2T» noma «2 isu lokungacunuli». yokuntula ubufakazi kwesicelo jikelele.

Ukukhetha

Indlela ukukhetha amafutha engine? Ukumaka iqukethe izinkomba eziningi, kodwa abathengi unesithakazelo bobabili:

- izinga ezingeni (noma ngabe kufanelekile ngoba imoto);

- viscosity (uma kufanelekile ngesikhathi esithile sezulu).

indlela Special kudinga, imishini yesimanje.

Izimpendulo zemibuzo emibili ebalulekile unikeza wokugubha amafutha engine. Sokuqonda ke - ku esiku nangenkomba uhlelo.

Zabo ziyisiliva eziningana. Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ezintathu - Sae, API bese ACEA. Ngezinye izikhathi, basuke wanezela ILSAC.

Sae ejwayelekile

Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe izici viscosity. Ziyakwazi kulesi simiso - main.

Sae (American Association of Izithuthi Onjiniyela) usetha lapho viscosity ububanzi izinkomba ezihlobene uwoyela motor.

Ukumaka osebenzisa lesi Inkomba, kulinganiswa amayunithi. Ube ncono kunaloko longiko, ayanda viscosity.

Izinga usungula amaqembu amathathu amafutha: ehlobo, ebusika futhi bonke isizini. Kugcine - okuvame kakhulu.

Kusukela amagama izinhlobo ezahlukene kuba sobala ukuthi leli Ukumaka ngendlela esekelwe Sae ejwayelekile, ungafunda into eyodwa kuphela: ukube amafutha kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esithile ezimweni ezithile zezulu noma cha. Kuphela lokhu.

Izinga usungula amaqembu amathathu amafutha. Ziyahlukahluka kuye ku seasonality ukusetshenziswa.

1. 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W , 20W, 25W - uwoyela ebusika. Zabo eziyisithupha. Sepharamitha Inkomba W (ebusika) - "Winter". Zincane, ngcono "abandayo" ukusetshenziswa. Inani eliphansi - 0.

2. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 - uwoyela ehlobo. Ezinhlanu kuzo. Sepharamitha W engabhalisiwe - "ehlobo". Ibonisa kwawo viscosity at okushisa ephakeme. Ayanda kulungiselelwa, esebenza kahle wamafutha ukushisa. seqiwe - 60.

3. 5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-50, njll - .. Isizini. Inombolo yabo - 23.

Ngokwesibonelo, wokugubha amafutha engine 5W30 kusho ukuthi wonke-sezulu ukusetshenziswa. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa in the range lokushisa kusuka degree angu -30 kuya +20.

Ngakho, hlobo luni lwemininingwane etshengisa amafutha engine, Sae kophawu unika umthengi?

Lona ulwazi izici lokushisa medium lapho behlangabezana okulandelayo:

1. Rolling crankshaft electrostarter njalo isiqalo ezibandayo.

2. Mode uzotshala uwoyela ngokusebenzisa umugqa injini. Ngezinye ukuqalisa ikhompiyutha kufanele uhlinzeke ingcindezi okuyinto evimbela ezomile ngomshikisho pairings.

3. Lubrication Esingawethemba ehlobo a operation okuqhubekayo kwimodi kanzima.

ngezigaba-API

Unjiniyela - American Institute of imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. API ikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe namafutha imoto kuye ngonyaka ukwakhiwa. Phela, inqubo ngcono kwemishini, kuyinto ukukhipha izinjini fast, kulula futhi eziphambili, eqhubekayo.

Ukwahlukaniswa igxile izimoto ezikhiqizwa e Melika.

Yokutholwa ngezinhlamvu wokugubha amafutha engine. Ukususa ukubethela kuyinto. S (Service) - uphethiloli, C (Commercial) - udizili. Ukusebenza kwe-yesibili wokugubha isho incwadi A ukuze kusukela phambili - njengoba ikhwalithi. Ngokwesibonelo, ekilasini SJ laqanjwa muva. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena kwaphoqa SH. SJ ngezigaba eyabelwe i amafutha abizayo futhi eliphezulu zokwenziwa isizinda. Ziklanyelwe ngemishini yesimanje kakhulu.

SH eshibhile ezicini ezithile SJ nabaphansi, mahle ukwenziwa izimoto iminyaka 1994-1989 ngaphambili. Class SF igxile amadala ongaphakeme-speed izinjini futhi elula.

Universal uwoyela motor: double wokugubha, isibonelo: SF / CC, CD / SF, njll SF / CC - "uphethiloli ngaphezulu", CD / SF- "udizili ngaphezulu." Isibonelo - esithombeni.

Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa othakazelisayo diesel izinjini kuyinto umklamo wawo: .. Turbocharged, njll izixazululo Special kudingeka lezi izitshalo amandla. Ngakho-ke, abalimi ehola zihlanganisa uhla amafutha ngoba diesel. Lezi izingoma uzilungiselele mshini ekhethekile «Udizili».

Ezihlukanisiwe iqembu amafutha for uphethiloli amandla amayunithi nge umsebenzi okusindisa. Sinenkosi ezengeziwe isiqu EC (Amandla Ukulondoloza).

Ukwahlukanisa Association of Automobile Manufacturers of Europe (ACEA)

It libhekene nezidingo elawula esengeziwe izinga uwoyela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eYurophu izimo ezithile ukusebenza izimoto nezinye injini design eziningana.

Ukwahlukanisa uwoyela ACEA injini ephawula ukusebenza ezimweni okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa.

ACEA ikhomba amakilasi ezine esinelebuli A, B, C, E. senzelwe uphethiloli, udizili izinjini futhi izitshalo amandla ifakwe converters okhanda amanye amathuba.

Ukwahlukaniswa njengeqembu elihlukile uqokomisa uwoyela energy esisindisa. Sinenkosi ezinye izici ezikhethekile. ukusetshenziswa fuel yabo ukonga siyithola ngokunciphisa ukujiya uwoyela ifilimu at high okushisa yokusebenza. Abanye, ikakhulukazi Japanese, izinjini zenzelwe ngokunembile ngaphansi lemikhiqizo ezifana. Eyongayo amafutha asetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni lapho batusa umakhi wemoto yakho. Ngakho, BMW futhi Mercedes-Benz belulekwa ukuba uzisebenzise nakanye izimoto yalezi brand.

Yini amachaphazelo ku uwoyela engine ACEA? Amakilasi A no-B ku isici kwagezi esinelebuli ncamashí. Kusho ukuthini? Amakilasi A1, A5, B1 kanye B5 - amandla-bonge. Abanye - uwoyela ejwayelekile. Lokhu A2, A3, B2, B3 futhi B4. Eyongayo amafutha azisetshenziswa ezimotweni amadala. Bayawufuna ukuvikeleka okungcono.

kophawu Double njengoba A3 / B4, isetshenziswa selisho amafutha jikelele (uphethiloli noma diesel).

Ingxenye enkulu-US kanye abanye abakhiqizi imoto European ukuncoma beya ezimotweni zabo izingoma ACEA A3 / B4, ukukhathazeka Japanese - ACEA A1 / B2 noma A5 / B5.

ILSAC ngezigaba

Brainchild of ezimbili Associations of Automobile Manufacturers of - Japan futhi Melika. Kukhona namakilasi amathathu amafutha anikeza ukonga amandla futhi senzelwe uphethiloli izimoto ezithwala. Labelling: GF-1, GF-2 kanye GF-3.

La mafutha mahle izimoto waseJapane. Ukuze American izimoto lemikhiqizo wakhothoza ngu ILSAC, okulingana API.

Izincomo nezindinganiso automakers

I-API ngezigaba ACEA futhi ukusungula zemisebenzi amafutha. Futhi izimiso zabo - the sivumelekile ubuncane. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimfuno zabo Abenzi amafutha kanye izithasiselo uyavumelana ne bezimoto, lona wamuva awayona njalo wanelisekile. by izindlela ejwayelekile Ukuhlolwa angeke lusebenze ngokugcwele ku-akhawunti izici okusebenzela izinjini ezintsha yesimanje. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi imoto ilungelo lokwakha Ukucaciswa zabo, kufuna ekhethekile.

Kuphethe amafutha isivivinyo izinjini zabo, bamsola ukuwathola, eqondiswa omunye ngeengaba ezivamile, noma ukuthuthukisa amazinga abo ecacisa brand, ofanele kakhulu futhi kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa.

Imininingwane automakers eyimpoqo ukuze ukhombise ku iphakethe eduze ilebula ekilasini ukusebenza izakhiwo. Le mfuneko is sagcwaliseka ngononina.

Ezweni nesimo wokugubha uwoyela olulodwa injini. Kulungiswa inikeza impendulo ocacile wokuba umbuzo ukwenaba umkhiqizo.

Cabangela isibonelo esilandelayo. Ngakho, kwaba ukuqala 5W40 uwoyela motor.

Lokhu Ukwakheka zokwenziwa umsebenzi multigrade okushisa kusuka degrees -30 kuya +35.

Ngokusho Ukwahlukaniswa-API uwoyela CJ-4 isetshenziselwa izimoto ekhiqizwa emva 2006 futhi ifakwe ngesivinini diesel ezihlangabezana kwekhabhoni amazinga ngo-2007. Isetshenziswa uma isebenza zokubasa ukuthi ibe ngaphezu 0.05% sulphur. Eliphumelelayo izimoto nge particulate izihlungi futhi qeda gas recirculation izinhlelo. mileage Lapho ezisebenza eliphezulu, eliqukethe akukho kuka 0,0015% sulphur fuel, inikeza anda ukushintshwa.

Ngakho, kwaba ukuqala injini 5W40, esibekiwe on the isembozo lamafutha, liqukethe ulwazi olwanele ukunquma sokufaneleka yayo ukusetshenziswa onobuhle ezithile imoto.