Uyini-electrolysis? I anode futhi cathode. inqubo Physico-chemical

Kwaphela isikhathi eside abantu abazange ukuphatha ukuze uthole okuningi izinto okumsulwa efomini khulula. Ezinjalo njengoba isibonelo:

• izinsimbi;
• alkalis;
• chloro;
• hydrogen;
• i-hydrogen peroxide,
• chlorine organic nabanye.

Bamukela noma wokuqukethwe lelisetulu ukungcola, okuyindawo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqeda, noma cha kwemiqondo nhlobo. Kodwa uxhumano kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe umkhakha nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kodwa nge kokutholakala inqubo efana electrolysis, umsebenzi enkulu ezinkulukazi isixazululiwe na. Namuhla isetshenziswa hhayi kuphela zamagama, kodwa nezezinye izinqubo eziningi.

Uyini-electrolysis? Njengoba kwenzeka, ezinye izigaba anqwabeleka, uyini Inzuzo enkulu yalo indlela, zama ukuqonda Yiqiniso kwe-athikili.

Uyini-electrolysis?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kumelwe siqale ukufuna ukuqonda amagama kanye leminye imicondvo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali eziyisisekelo.

1. DC - ukusakaza iqondiswe of electron evela kunoma yimuphi umthombo kukagesi.
2. Electrolyte - ketshezi, isixazululo zazo uyakwazi liqhuba kagesi.
3. Electrode - ipuleti izinto ezithile, oxhumene, okuyinto kudlule ugesi ngokusebenzisa ngokwabo (anode futhi cathode).
4. I redox yokusabela - inchubo lapho kukhona ushintsho degree of namachibi abawugijimayo. Okungukuthi, abanye ion oxidize futhi kwandiswe inzuzo degree of namachibi, kuyilapho abanye ziyancipha, ukwehlisa ke.

Njengoba kucaciswe wonke la magama, ungakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo kuyini electrolysis. Le nqubo redox, ehlanganisa ngidlula zamanje ngqo ngokusebenzisa isixazululo electrolyte kanye inqanyulwa lapho kukhululwa imikhiqizo ehlukene ngesikhathi electrode.

Ukufaka okulula, okungase ngokuthi electrolyzer kuhilela izingxenye ezimbalwa kuphela:

• ezimbili izibuko nge electrolyte;
• umthombo zamanje;
• electrode amabili kuhlobene.

Imboni isebenzisa umklamo kakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ezenzakalelayo, okuvumela ukuthola inani elikhulu imikhiqizo - electrolysis nokugeza.

inqubo-electrolysis oluphakeme eziyinkimbinkimbi, kungaphansi kwemithetho eziningana theory kanye ukuqhutshwa ngokomyalo kanye nemithetho. Ukuze kahle ukubikezela umphumela, yonke imithetho futhi kungenzeka ndima ukuba lokho ayekufundile.

Izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo yenqubo

Into ebaluleke kakhulu canons eliyisisekelo lapho oba electrolysis - imithetho UMichael Faraday - lo physics odumile, umsebenzi wakhe emkhakheni kagesi futhi zonke izinqubo eyayihambisana nalo.

Zonke izimiso ezimbili ezifana, ngamunye echaza okushiwo izinqubo electrolysis.

Umthetho wokuqala

Eyokuqala umthetho Faraday, formula okulotshiwe njengoba m = KI * Δt, kanje.

izidakamizwa IMisa kukhishelwa ngesikhathi electrode ngokuqondile wakhona ugesi, okuyinto odabule electrolyte.

Ifomula libonisa ukuthi m - kuyinto nenqwaba yezinto ezibonakalayo, mina - umfutho zamanje, Δt - ngesikhathi lapho uphasiswe. Okunye okufakiwe ukubaluleka k ebizwe okulingana electrochemical we kwakwakhe. Lokhu value incike ubunjalo kwakwakhe uqobo. K kuyinto anda elilingana kunobukhulu bendawo ikhemikhali eyakhululwa eMihlanganweni electrode ngokusebenzisa electrolyte lapho bedlula eyodwa iyunithi icala kagesi.

Eyesibili kokubusa electrolysis

Umthetho wesibili ka Faraday, ifomula zazo - m = M mina Δt / n * F, kanje. Ilingana electrochemical we kwakwakhe (k) ngokuqondile wakhona isisindo salo izinyo lomhlathi, futhi inhlukanozigaba kuya Valence we ketshezi.

Ifomula ngenhla kuwumphumela ukuhoxiswa zonke States. It idlulisela okushiwo umthetho electrolysis yesibili. M - izinyo lomhlathi mass compounds, mina - umfutho zamanje uphasisiwe yonke inqubo, Δt - Imininingwane electrolysis isikhathi, F - njalo, n Faraday sika - electron abathintekayo inqubo. Inombolo yabo uyalingana ophethe ion, waba nengxenye inqubo.

imithetho Faraday ukusiza ukuqonda ukuthi yini electrolysis, futhi ukubala isivuno ezingaba ngesisindo, elamukelekile kuyinto ukubikezela kanye nomthelela inkambo inqubo. Bakha ngesisekelo ezincwadini kugucuka.

Umqondo anode nezinhlobo zayo

abaluleke kakhulu kule electrode electrolysis. Yonke inqubo luncike impahla okuvela ngazo zenziwa, ubuntu babo ethize kanye izakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga kabanzi ngamunye wabo.

Anode - plus noma electrode omuhle. Okungukuthi, lowo unamathele "+" isigxobo we umthombo wamandla. Ngakho, kulo kusuka ikhambi electrolyte izoya ion angemahle noma anions. Bayoba oxidize lapha, ukuthola ngezinga eliphakeme of namachibi.

Ngakho-ke, singathola idayagramu kancane azosiza khumbula izinqubo anodic: i anode "plus" - anions - namachibi. Ngakho kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo electrode, kuye okuzokwenza ujike umkhiqizo othize.

1. I zingaxazululeki noma inert anode. uhlobo olunjalo luhlanganisa i electrode esebenza kuphela ukuze uthumele electron kanye namachibi izinqubo, Nokho it is asiqediwe hhayi siphela. anodes anjalo enziwa kusukela graphite, Iridium, i-platinum, i-carbon nokunye. Ukusebenzisa lezi electrode, insimbi zingaba wamagesi okumsulwa (i-oksijini, i-hydrogen, chlorine nokunye).
2. I anode encibilikayo. Lapho izinqubo oxidative yena oncibilikile umphumela we-electrolysis. Izinto eziyisisekelo ukwakhiwa kwalolu hlobo electrode: nickel, ithusi, cadmium, phambili, ithini, zinc nabanye. Ukusebenzisa lezi anodes isidingo electrorefining izinqubo of izinsimbi, Electroplating, enamathela okuvikela ukugqwala, nokunye.

Ingqikithi izinqubo ezenzeka ngesikhathi electrode omuhle kuyehla kube ukuchithela ion electronegative kakhulu enenjongo ezingaba khona. Ivot kungani anions hydrogen acid kanye ion hydroxide, bese amanzi, uma yisisombululo. Umoya-equkethe anions i isixazululo electrolyte aqueous, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi anode akuyona esibhedlela, njengoba amanzi lukwenza kusheshe, ekhipha umoya-mpilo.

I cathode kanye izici zayo

I cathode - kuyinto electrode omubi icala (ngenxa ekuqongeleleni electron kuso lapho i kagesi). Yingakho kuye ezihambayo ion kahle icala - cations ukuthi ababhekene nokuvuselelwa, okungukuthi, ukunciphisa degree of namachibi.

Kukhona ofanelekayo ukukhumbula isikimu cathode "lokususa" - seka - yokutakula. Njengoba indaba for cathode zihlanganisa:

• insimbi engagqwali;
• zethusi;
• carbon;
• zethusi;
• yensimbi;
• aluminium nabanye.

Kuyinto kule electrode kuziwa izinsimbi zokutakula izidakamizwa okumsulwa, okungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko ngokukhiqiza kubo ngokuphakeme ezimbonini. Kungenzeka futhi ukudluliselwa electron kusukela anode kuya cathode, futhi uma kuqala - encibilikayo, ion yayo ziyancipha phezu electrode ezimbi. Lapha kukhona ukubuyiselwa cations ukuze hydrogen H _2. Ngakho-ke, i-cathode - ingenye izingxenye ezibalulekile kakhulu kule scheme isiyonke electrolysis izidakamizwa.

electrolysis ka Udambisa

Ngokombono walaba inqubo yamakhemikhali olucutshungulwayo has kwesibalo yayo. Nge kungenzeka ukumela lonke wesifunda ephepheni bese ukubikezela umphumela. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe kufanele sinake - ukuba khona noma ukungabi imvelo zasemanzini uhlobo anode (encibilikayo noma cha).

Uma kudingeka ukuthola imikhiqizo ezilandelayo: izinsimbi alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni, alkalis, aluminium, beryllium, anions yamagesi-mpilo-equkethe abakwazi ke umbuzo mayelana electrolysis yesixazululo electrolyte. Vele ukugcwala amanzi, ngoba ukuxhumana kudingeka ngenye ngeke zisebenze. Yingakho kule mboni ngokuvamile synthesize lezi izinto, ukuzisebenzisa ezomile nosawoti anhydrous futhi hydroxides.

Ngokuvamile, ancibilike electrolysis kwesibalo ulula futhi ejwayelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sicabanga nokuqopha yona potassium iodide, umbono kuyoba okulandelayo:

KI = K ⁺ Mina ^-

I cathode (K) "-" K ⁺ K +1 e = ⁰

I anode ^{(A) "+": 2I - -} 2e = mina ₂ ⁰

Inqubo wesifundo: KI = K + mina _2.

Ngokufanayo, electrolysis izoqopha zensimbi kungakhathaliseki electrode yaso.

Electrolysis we ikhambi aqueous

Uma kuziwa electrolyte izixazululo, umphumela inqubo kuzohluka ngempela. Phela, amanzi isiba ngokuzimisela. Kanti liyakwazi ka dissociating ku ion futhi akhishwe electrode. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni ezinjalo ezibalulekile electrode ezingaba ion. Kunenani yako emibi ingaphansi, aba maningi amathuba namachibi ngokushesha noma ukunciphisa.

Electrolysis we ikhambi aqueous kukhonjelwe imithetho eziningana ukuthi kufanele ngekhanda.

1. Izinqubo Anodic: akhishwe kuphela anions hydrogen acid (ngaphandle-hydrogen fluoride). Uma ion-mpilo noma ion fluoride, amanzi-ke uzobe oxidized ukukhulula umoya-mpilo.
2. Izinqubo cathodic: electrowinning izinsimbi ochungechungeni electrochemical (kufika ku futhi sekufakwe aluminiyamu) kwi cathode ngeke ibuyiselwe ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu umsebenzi zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwenza amanzi ukukhulula hydrogen. Izinsimbi aluminium ukuba hydrogen abuyiselwe kanyekanye ngamanzi ukuze izinto ezilula. Labo ukuthi kukhona ngemuva hydrogen ochungechungeni electrochemical (umsebenzi ongaphakeme), kalula ibhekane ukunciphisa izinto ezilula.

Uma ulandela le mithetho, singakwazi ziveza iyiphi electrolysis abale isivuno. Endabeni a encibilikayo anode wesifunda kuyehluka futhi iba eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

electrolysis nosawoti

Lezi zinqubo asetshenziselwa ukuthola izinsimbi okumsulwa kanye amagesi, njengoba kuyintando nezobuchwepheshe elula nangokwezimali ezisizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo eze ngezinga eliphezulu of msulwa, okuyinto ebalulekile.

Ngokwesibonelo, electrowinning zethusi kusheshe wayithola ngefomu okumsulwa kusukela isixazululo kwanoma iyiphi usawoti. Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu sulfate zethusi noma ithusi sulfate (II) - CuSO _4.

Ngenxa ncibilika noma isixazululo usawoti kungenziwa ekhishwe metal okumsulwa, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze cishe yonke imikhakha kagesi nobunjiniyela metal.

Meaning futhi isicelo inqubo

Electrolysis - inqubo ebalulekile kakhulu. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo zisekelwe kuyizinto ezidingekayo imisebenzi yemisebenzi ethile, njengokuthi:

1. yokucwenga metal.
2. Electroextraction.
3. Electroplating.
4. Electrosynthesis.
5. Isicelo anti-ukugqwala ezinengilazi nabanye.