Uyini elisophahleni - yokonga ophoqelelwe noma isixazululo ezinhle?

izakhamuzi zakhona ukwazi abaningi izincwadi futhi omculo lokudala ukuphila bohemian Paris: abaculi abampofu nabaculi waphila esesitezi esiphezulu esakhiweni, lapho kwakukhona ezitebhisini amnyama futhi ayibanzi, engesiyo ukukhanya okwanele, futhi kwakungekho bafudumale. Uyini elisophahleni ngomqondo lokuqala eside? Isikhala ngaphansi kophahla ephezulu liphumele izakhiwo, eyayisetshenziselwa izidingo yasendlini, futhi sahlala lapho labo babe ukutholakala kwezindlu ezifanelekayo kwakungelona okungabizi.

Kusukela umlando izakhiwo

Uphahla lwezindlu komuzi ephakathi, embozwe tile, abe emaweni emthambekeni ophahleni, futhi isikhala ophahleni kwakhiwa amanani ngempela ebalulekile. Ngo ezisemadolobheni ephilayo isikhala bekulokhu kusilela, zonke phansi yokuhlala intela, futhi ukuphakama isakhiwo kala kulo uphahla. Ngakho, yini ekamelweni elisophahleni ngenxa ezisemadolobheni abanikazi XVII ekhulwini? Kuyindlela ukuthola inzuzo inetha.

Umqondo ukusebenzisa isikhala ngaphansi kophahla ukuhlala ukuzalelwa Fransua Mansara (1598-1666), kodwa lokhu wezakhiwo futhi bekholelwa kulokho inqubo enjalo, ukwakha Paris izakhiwo enophahla ukuthi abe goba isici. Ngemva izakhiwo zalo zonke wezakhiwo khumbula ukuthi lokhu ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Roof kokuba zombili izinhlangothi emithambekeni yokhalo izindiza ezimbili emithambekeni ehlukene, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza esiphezulu ivolumu kophahla isikhala lapho ukuthwala abantu kanye namazinga ezimbili eziphilayo.

definition

Emazweni amaningi, a mansard ngokuthi kakhulu ngesimo ophahleni, evame kakhulu esetshenziswa Mansart, kanye Loft ngokuthi isikhala lonke kusukela ophahleni phansi engenhla ophahleni, uma isetshenziswa nezezindlu, ukuthi wenziwa ukwahlukanisa of izindonga nophahla ukunikeza izibani zemvelo, uklanyelwe nokufinyelela okulula kusuka ezingeni leliphasi (ngokuvamile ezitebhisini) kwakheka zokuhlobisa sekugcineni evele.

Imibhalo Yokuphatha futhi ichaze ngokucacile lokho elisophahleni lwendlu. Icacisa equkethe SNP 2.08.01-89 unika ukuqokwa izibuya esikhaleni elisophahleni, izindiza ezakhiwe ophahleni - ezitshekile noma ephukile - ne ulayini empambana odongeni mpo olungaphambili lwesonto kanye indiza ophahleni ithambekele at 1.5 imitha kusukela phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu.

design izinkombandlela

Ikhono ukusebenzisa phansi ekamelweni elisophahleni ibalwa kanje:

• a> b + 0.7 x c, lapho
  
  futhi - endaweni phansi nge ubude obungaphezulu kuka-2.5 m,
  b - Igumbi isikhala nge ukuphakama 1.1-2.5 m,
  c - Igumbi isikhala nge ukuphakama ophahleni ka 0.8-1.1 m.

Kwaba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, ukusetshenziswa elisophahleni kubhekwa eyamukelekayo, nakuba lezo zibalo ziqukethwe imibhalo, azisa izincomo.

Ukukhanyisa elisophahleni - Lona ngumbuzo osemqoka kakhulu, okuyinto engcono kakhulu kwesokunxele ochwepheshe. Isici iwukuba kahle ukubala endaweni elicwebezelayo: ukuvuleka extra kuyoba nesandla ukufudumeza ukulahlekelwa kuhlaba umxhwele. Phela, uyini elisophahleni endlini, futhi indawo lapho izikhatha zomoya oshisayo avuke emazingeni aphansi? Ekubaleni endaweni apertures ukukhanya kufanele ucabangele ukusebenza umehluko amawindi ezivamile, efakwe ezindongeni mpo - esimweni elisophahleni ngokuvamile ke gables mbumbulu - amawindi dormer, sokuzwa kanye Skylights ukufakwa emthambekeni ophahleni.

Kufanele banamathele ngezabelo anjalo esikhathini isilinganiso endaweni phansi kanye apertures endaweni ukukhanya:

• lapho obeka amawindi izakhiwo mpo - kumele singeqi 1: 5.5, isilinganiso esiphansi - 1: 8;
• 1:10 kuvunyelwe uma sisebenzisa Skylights;
• Ukufakwa dormer amafasitela emithambekeni ezijulile elahlekile ukukhanya 2/3 njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne ewindini mpo.

Ubunjalo isikhala elisophahleni kudinga ukubhekelwa ngokuthi ikhambi izinkinga ukupholisa. izinto Modern yedivayisi ukufulela "pie" futhi Izinsiza kuzosiza ukuxazulula le nkinga ezithile.

Ukusetshenziswa izakhiwo wokhuni ukwakhiwa imibhalo normalizing elisophahleni uyakwamukela kodwa enikeziwe antipiriruyuschey Woodworking nokwakha ukuphakama 75 m.

Buhle elisophahleni

Ngokuvamile, izinzuzo idivayisi elisophahleni izibuya abonisa yezakhi kwezomnotho, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo isikhala kanye high quality ezakhiwo isixazululo eyakhayo ezinjalo. High izinga yobuhle ukhululekile undercovering isikhala ebonakalayo kusukela imifanekiso echaza lokho ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Photo of Interiors omangalisayo esinamakamelo, amakamelo zezingane futhi akhiwe ezingeni phezulu, iyamangalisa.

On ukubaluleka kwalezi zici kuthinte izici ezimbili ezibalulekile: kuyakhiwa efulethini eliphezulu ekwakhiweni elingaphansi kwesakhiwo ekhona noma ukusetshenziswa kwalo inikezwe isakhiwo afakwa.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha izindlu ekhona

Uma elisophahleni yakhiwa kulesi sakhiwo olukhona, isici ukwanda kuyinto ukusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi endaweni ikhange, nokusetshenziswa kungenzeka materials engasindi futhi eshibhile futhi imiklamo angadingi ukusetshenziswa imishini esindayo, ngakho asikho isidingo ukwakhisa abahlali. Lokhu kuthambekela ngcono abaphilayo kwengqalasizinda zasemadolobheni kungaba ekhangayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, yini ekamelweni elisophahleni ngenxa Khrushchev? Lena ezingeni ehlukene kakhulu wenduduzo isikhalazo ezibukwayo, kanti uma kungenjalo uhlelo esindayo kokuxhumana, okwenza ukutshalwa kwezimali ezifana akuzuzisi futhi esehlisa eside izinzuzo zezomnotho kubo izisebenzi zokwakha esiphansi, izakhiwo eziningi ezindala Kungadingeka uthenge inombolo enkulu ngokunethezeka isikhala ephilayo.

Ziyamangalisa indlela yezakhiwo

Zikhona ongakhetha eziningi ukuze uyisebenzise ezakhiwo isikhala ngaphansi kophahla. Yashintsha kakhulu ukuqonda lokho Loft. Ikhaya izithombe okuyinto kungabonwa ezindaweni zokwakha, abonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kophahla kungenziwa akhiwe amakamelo ezikhanga kakhulu futhi ukhululekile, izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Attica yezindlu abampofu isibe "chip" ekhethekile - imininingwane yendlu, ukhulise isikhalazo yalo yayenziwe.