Uyini isici inhlabathi kumiswa? Yiziphi izici inhlabathi kumiswa?

Umhlaba - ngokuqinisekile umcebo wazo zonke isintu. Futhi thina engekho nje ukhuluma ngani iplanethi, kodwa futhi zigcine umhlabathi ubuso bayo. Ngaphandle kwawo, ngeke kube khona okunjalo a flora ahlukahlukene futhi heterotrophs (okuyinto kungafaka noma yimaphi izilwane nabantu), isimiso, ayikwazanga ukuvela. Bobabili phezu kobuso bomhlaba iplanethi kwamiswa nhlobo? Kulesi "ukusola" isici inhlabathi kumiswa. Okuningi ngokunembile, lonke iqembu labo.

Ukwahlukaniswa main

V. Dokuchaev wayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele zabelwe izici inhlabathi-ukwakha emihlanu:

• Idwala umzali.
• nemingcele sezulu. Ngokuvamile, isimo sezulu njengesizathu esinomthelela inhlabathi kumiswa kubhekwa ososayensi abaningi nge isikhundla key, njengoba indima yayo iyamangalisa ngempela.
• Flora.
• Fauna.
• Isimo sezwe kanye isikhathi langemva.

Kodwa lokhu akulona zonke izici eziyisisekelo inhlabathi kumiswa. Namuhla, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka lolu hlu ukungezwa izikhundla ezimbili: isenzo yamanzi (kwezulu) imisebenzi yabantu. Futhi manje siyowuqonda zonke izici ngokuningiliziwe, ukuxoxa ngezindlela zazo. Ngakho, isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke inhlabathi - ukuthi imfuyo, okuyinto emenza phansi.

umthombo rocks

Njengoba kungaqondakala, lawa namaminerali zazo kanye kwakhiwa futhi uyaqhubeka ukwakha evundile (noma cha) inhlabathi. Kukithi edwaleni eyinhloko kuxhomeke mechanical, ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo, kanye nezinye izakhiwo kwenhlabathi. Ngakho, umhlabathi, ekuqaleni kwakhiwa, isibonelo, egwadle namadwala efanayo, angeke baze balingane nalabo baye baphuma tuff futhi ilula.

Yiziphi umthombo yamadwala, na? Ziyakwazi igneous, sedimentary futhi metamorphic. By endleleni, futhi egwadle futhi ilula tuff nge - rocks igneous, kodwa benza inhlabathi zihlukile. Kungabe kusiya, njengoba isici inhlabathi okufanayo?

Njengoba umsuka inhlabathi izakhiwo engancikile kukho?

I zamakhemikhali mineralogical okwakhiwa akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni zilwane, kodwa futhi isici esibalulekile yomsuka wawo, kunendima ethile ekugcineni omkhulu izakhiwo ungqimba inhlabathi. Ngakho, uma carbonate amaminerali, ine ukusabela ane-alikhali (noma eduze hlangothi), khona-ke kwakhiwa kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo ngokushesha iqala buthelela enhlabathini humus futhi ezidinga izinga lokuzala laliphakeme kakhulu. Ngakho, eziyinhloko inhlabathi kumiswa kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba umthelela wabo ngqo ubukhulu ezithela ezingaba esikhathini esizayo.

Uma Idwala liyisisekelo esidi, zonke lezi zinqubo izikhathi eziningana kancane. Esimeni lapho amaminerali iqukethe esiningi nosawoti amanzi-encibilikayo, inhlabathi "etholwe" anosawoti omningi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuthungwa, ngoba inquma umthamo ukushisa, umswakama okuqukethwe kanye nemingcele ezibalulekile ezithinta ngqo le ukuvundisa inhlabathi kwezinye izindawo.

impumuzo

Lokhu isici inhlabathi kumiswa kuyaqabukela zikhunjulwe, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Phela sezwe kuthinta ukusatshalaliswa emisebeni yelanga, imvula, nezinye izinto phezu kwamadwala, ukuze luncike izici phansi, eyagcina uphendulela "okukhipha".

Radical konke, ukuthi kuziveza endaweni enezintaba lapho ingcindezi umehluko ekhona, ukukhanya kanye kakhulu engafani izimo lokushisa. Lapha, ukubaluleka okukhulu fanele emoyeni uquqaba futhi Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows, ngenxa okuyinto lemiqulu emikhulu emoyeni nge okushisa ahlukene thathaza emithambekeni ngokuqhubekayo sezintaba. Ngezindlela eziningi impumuzo, njengoba isici inhlabathi kumiswa futhi kuncike izici zezulu kwendawo, kusukela ngaphandle inhlanganisela yalezi zimo ezimbili abakwazi yakha phansi.

Umswakama iyahlukahluka, futhi ngemva "perevalivaniya" yonkana yokhalo ntaba wancipha. Ngenxa yalokho, i-rock ngezindlela ezingafani kucekela, osalivaetsya, ushayeke phansi ukwakha usayizi ezahlukene izingxenyana zaso.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu isenzo sokukhanya emisebeni yelanga, namanje lapho zokuzamazama ezahlukene zezulu oda ezahlukene ezidlula. Ngakho, ezonini bezwe Far North incane, futhi badla imbuya kakhulu, futhi amatshe kuyagcinwa zisesimweni ephelele. Qhathanisa lokhu ezindaweni eziwugwadule okuyinto zohlobo Sekuyisikhathi eside ogayiwe esimweni iyunifomu Silica isihlabathi. Uma ubheka eziyinhloko inhlabathi ukwakheka Orenburg esifundeni, ukubaluleka impumuzo ziyobonakala nakakhulu.

Kuleyo ndawo indima enkulu eyadlalwa syrty okuthiwa, ie lamagquma iphansana. Lihambisana isimo sezwe flat, sezwe enjalo predetermines Isivinini esiphakeme emoyeni phezu kwamanzi edwaleni umzali, okuholela weathering kwalo okusheshayo nokubhujiswa okwalandela.

Kulezi izimo, ngesilinganiso ukunqwabelana humus (uqobo futhi khona izinto eziphilayo) kakhulu kuyahlukahluka njengoba ezahlukene amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye encane primer okuholela. Ngakho, ke kuyodingeka ntshashintshe wenzalo.

Inhlabathi izinhlobo, kuye umehluko wokukhululeka

Njengamanje, kucatshangwa ukuthi ngenxa izinqubo zemvelo ungakheka ezintathu izinhlobo zenhlabathi, ubizwa nangokuthi "khathizwe moistening":

• zinhlobo Automorphic. kumiswa yabo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo kophuzo kwamanzi futhi ijulile-amanga umswakama. Kulokhu, indima linqoba udlalwa yi-factor begazi inhlabathi kumiswa.
• Semihydromorphic. Ukwakheka lezi nenhlabathi kwenzeka uma umswakama ebusweni kungaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuze stagnate phezu emadwaleni umzali nemithombo inhlabathi alala amamitha angu angaphezu kwayisithupha ukujula.
• nenhlabathi Hydromorphic. Ngakho, kwakheka primer esinjalo ezimweni lapho ebusweni amanzi isikhathi eside kungaba stagnate phezu amadwala umswakama isezingeni amamitha angu amathathu ukujula.

Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, ukubaluleka eside kungase kube njengoba isici yabantu inhlabathi kumiswa. Le ndoda ngokuhamba nemisebenzi yabo kwezomnotho ngokuvamile okushiya waphuphuma izindawo ezinkulu komhlaba, esithinta kakhulu izimfanelo inhlabathi kumiswa.

izinqubo erosive

Uma ebusweni emthambekeni kuyinto degrees 30 noma ngaphezulu, isimo sezwe kuba okubaluleke ngokukhethekile kuzo. Ngakho, ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, usabalele ukuguguleka amanzi. It uba Sinemandla zinhlobo emoyeni, okuyinto evamile ezindaweni sezwe flat noma lapho emthambekeni ebusweni lincane kakhulu. Uma sibheka eziyinhloko inhlabathi ukwakheka endaweni Orenburg, lokhu kubonakala kalula. Kulezo zindawo e zilwane main indima "nemihuzuko 'ebusweni ungqimba amaminerali udlala umoya, ongafinyelela velocities eziphakeme ngokwedlulele.

Impumuzo linendima ebalulekile ngisho inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ye izitshalo kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu ibonakala kahle kakhulu e ushintsho ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni noma izilwandle ukunakekelwa (noma okuphambene nalokho, izindawo izikhukhula). Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni noma ukwehla ezingeni izinguquko amanzi enhlabathini enhlabathini lomjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa (uhlobo automorphic washintsha ukuze hydromorphic, noma okuphambene nalokho).

Ithonya uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

izici zokwakheka kwetinhlavu inhlabathi ngalinye ehola. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye kokubili bezwe eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo, kwakungase zibe isimiso. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo inqubo inhlabathi kumiswa ngokwayo kungabonwa njengoba nokuxhumana omkhulu phakathi ophilayo (amagciwane) eziphilayo nezingaphili (phansi ngobugebengu) imvelo. Zona umthombo idwala ngokuhamba le nqubo sasivumela zishintshe. Isimo main ukuqinisekisa ngokuqhubeka inhlabathi ukwakheka - ageleze ebusweni iplanethi ekhazimulayo amandla elanga.

yamagesi asemkhathini, flora nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, imikhiqizo yabo umzimba - zonke lezi zici nemibandela umhlabathi kumiswa 'laholela "yokuthi namuhla ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethu kukhona evundile lapho isintu sikhule ukudla ngokwabo nefolishi imfuyo.

Nakulokhu futhi, ukuthi uhlobo "Energomera" inani engenayo amandla elanga. Uma uyikha phezulu le kuyasiza hambisa amaminerali (ie imvelo ezingaphili) siphile. Njengoba uqagele, sikhuluma inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla elanga kwenza ukushintshela bonke abafileyo plant izingxenye libuyiselwa ezintweni ezingaphili. Ngenxa lechubekako luzothatha izinkulungwane noma izigidi zeminyaka, iplanethi yethu une "inhlabathi igobolondo" esiyingqayizivele, kuyisihluthulelo wenzalo nokukhiqizwa isitshalo wezinto zokubasa.

Yiziphi ezinye izinto okufanele ukusho inhlabathi? Indatshana eyabhalwa wesikole, ngisho namakilasi phakathi, nakanjani kubhekwe ku umongo izitshalo yendima yayo ebalulekile ekuqongeleleni humus. Futhi kungcono ngokuphelele kweqiniso!

Indima isitshalo ndaba

The main "umphakeli" izindodla biomass lonke phansi - ukuthi zalesi sihlahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nabo buthelela amandla elanga (9.33 kcal / igremu). Njengoba isilinganiso ehektheleni ikhula amathani ayishumi yemifino eziphilayo buthelela kule indawo mayelana 9.33 * 107 amandla kcal. inani okunjalo enkulu ke hhayi kuphela udlala indima ebalulekile zonke izinqubo inhlabathi ekwakhekeni, kodwa kungase futhi kube ngempumelelo esetshenziswa indoda. Ngakho akukhona nje kuyizimbangela inhlabathi-ukwakha, lesi sitshalo, kodwa futhi abalulekile amandla isisetshenziswa! isibonelo esiphelele - ilahle, nabantu abakuphila izinqolobane kukhona Amazing baqala uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela esetshenziswa ekhulwini le-19.

Autotrophs wasusa kuyo yonke umzali idwala namaminerali ngokwabo futhi emva ukuthi iguqulwe ibe eyinkimbinkimbi organic compounds kuyiphi kamuva uphendulela humus. Ezinye zalezi compounds phinda emuva lapho izona amanzi abo isitshalo efile izinsalela. Lezi zinqubo izici ezibucayi kanye neqhaza inhlabathi, kuhlanganise nombala ukuxuba esele idwala umzali kanye udaba eziphilayo.

Izindawo zezitshalo biomass lokuhlushwa

Kungokwemvelo ukuba amahlathi bagxila kakhulu ivolumu yemifino wezinto zokubasa. Kodwa lokhu - akuyona umbono ngempela olunembile, njengoba kwenza ekukhuleni kwayo omkhulu kwenzeka kuphela indawo asemaqeleni, lapho hhayi ngaphansi kuka-85% anqwabelene izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo ubuyela emhlabathini. Yingakho emaqeleni wale mithandazo ivundile okuningi kuka emahlathini, lapho izici umhlabathi kulesi sici akuzona kakhulu "oluvelele". Okungukuthi, inhlabathi izici, ukukhuluma kancane, kuhluke kakhulu, ngisho nalapho ngaphandle nibonakala efanayo.

Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka? Iqiniso lokuthi emahlathini kusuka inhlabathi ongaphakeme humus okuqukethwe, abaningi amaminerali kanye nezinto eziphilayo bahlanza out ngokumane isenzo umswakama ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Esikhathini herbaceous biocenosis isitshalo uhlala ngokuqinile ecindezelwe ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane omkhulu inhlabathi khathizwe. Lezi zimo nesandla ekwakhekeni Peat, njengoba eziyizitezi ephansi umswakama kakhulu hhayi umoya-mpilo ngokwanele, okungase sikhuthaze izinqubo yokubola. Yini enye kukhona izici isici inhlabathi kumiswa?

Okuqukethwe umlotha kwenhlabathi

Ngezindlela eziningi, nenqubo yokubola kwezitshalo izinsalela incike Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali lakamuva. Ngakho, okuqukethwe umlotha izinaliti (isb, inani elisele izingxenye amaminerali) akuyona ezingaphezu kuka-2.1%, kanye ehlathini lezihlahla leli nani lenyuka laya ku-4%. Ngo emaqeleni degree of umlotha zezitshalo izinsalela ongafinyelela% 5-6 nje, futhi ogwadule usawoti, lesi sibalo kwandisa ukuba 14% ngaso sonke! Nokho, ngo-mBhalo, ukubaluleka ekhethekile ke ongenakho ngoba u-90% izingxenye amaminerali - zonke sodium efanayo chloride, i-calcium ne-potassium, okuyinto iqoqo ku usawoti emaxhaphozini ngokwabo.

Izitshalo libhekene yokuthi kusukela nenhlabathi nge ezahlukene amaminerali Ukwakheka bedonsa ncamashi inani nosawoti kanye compounds, okuyinto beludinga for ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-okusanhlamvu diatoms emakamu eliphezulu kakhulu izakhi ngokuyinhloko libhekene silicas kuphela. Enhlabathini, endaweni yalesi lokuhlushwa oluthile lezi zakhi kungaba azinakwa. izitshalo Ugwadule - isibonelo esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu lesi sitatimende, njengoba equkethe eliningi nosawoti wamaminerali.

Kungani kudingeka zifundiswe uxhumano? Kulula - esihlabathini lapho lezi autotrophs sikhule yesondlo abampofu kakhulu kwazo zonke izakhi ezidingekayo nezitshalo ukugcina ngaphakathi emzimbeni waso efanayo.

Indima izilwane zasendle

Kodwa uma esikoleni noma esikhungweni semfundo uzocelwa: "Yiziphi izici inhlabathi ekwakhekeni," ungakhohlwa ngibalule indima enkulu nezilwane. Izilwane kwetinhlavu inhlabathi evundile futhi badlala indima ebalulekile. Lapha, okumqoka Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nenhlabathi ngokwayo iwukuba izinkulungwane eziningi zezilwane kanye ezihlukahlukene nezilwanyana ezincane ekhaya. Sinenkosi "duty" ichoboza futhi processing plant mass futhi kuhlangana kwalo okwalandela ne ezihleli inhlabathi khathizwe.

Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle kanye nazo zonke ezinye izilwane yezilwane ezinomgogodla ukudala ekujuleni komhlaba ezidlekeni zawo nezidleke. Nezimvukuzane, amagundane imvukuzane, phansi izingwejeje nezinye izidalwa burrowing athathe zindawo eziphansi rock phezulu. Kwakungenxa kulezo zindawo lapho eziningi zalezi izilwane (asemaqeleni), kukhona inhlabathi evundile. Nemisundu eminingi kanti izibungu futhi usebenze semali umsebenzi ekuguquleni ingxenye organic kwenhlabathi ku humus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingenamgogodla enyakaza engokwemvelo kanye inorganics. Njengazo zonke izinto zemvelo enhlabathini-ukwakha, bathuthukisa ukusheshisa ekuqongeleleni udaba eziphilayo.

Yiqiniso, ukwanda emhlabeni isilwane futhi ukwehlukana kwayo kuncike ngokuphelele kokubili izici ezindawo zezulu. Izitshalo ezihlukahlukene nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, ngcono futhi "qualitative" eyatholakala eMhlanganweni ekhishwa inhlabathi, kulapho-ke izinto eziphilayo nenzalo ephakeme.

nesimo sezulu

Okokugcina, cabangela isimo sezulu njengesizathu esinomthelela inhlabathi kumiswa. Kusukela izimo yendawo zezulu kuxhomeke kakhulu: kwanele ukubheka Kazakhstan kanye Gobi Desert. On indawo futhi kuncike Isamba zamandla akhishwa imisebe yalo ukufinyelela komhlaba. Ngakho, kuba enkulu enkabazwe, incane - ngaleso pole. Bobabili izimo zibulale izinqubo inhlabathi kumiswa. Nakhu ukuthi inhlabathi kwakheka? inhlabathi kumiswa izici zincike kakhulu futhi sezulu.

Ngezindlela eziningi, isimo sezulu kanye sezulu kuncike engamamitha ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili sezulu: Macro futhi micro. Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke e kumiswa kwenhlabathi umoya zithatha izinhlobo ezahlukene kwezulu. Isimo sezulu ihlukahluke, kulapho "amahle" iphendula emhlabathini okukhiphayo. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa ukwelashwa ukushisa linendima ebalulekile enhlabathini ukushisa umthamo. lena kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile ezintabeni, nge slant evele ezahlukene.