KumiswaAmakolishi namanyuvesi

Uyini phenotype? Concept, izici eziyisisekelo nokuxhumana genotype

Igama elithi "phenotype" livela ngesiGreki futhi uhumusha (ngokunjalo) "ukuthola", "nginguNkulunkulu". Asho esisebenzayo leli qiniso?

Uyini phenotype? definition

Ngaphansi phenotype eziyinkimbinkimbi kufanele kuvisiswe izici ukuthi esivela kumuntu esikhathini esithile yentuthuko. Leli iqoqo is ngesisekelo genotype. Ukuze eziphilayo diploid libhekene ukubonakaliswa izakhi zofuzo evelele. Ukuze sithole kahle ukuthi phenotype kufanele ukhuluma ngani inhlanganisela yezici ngaphakathi nangaphandle umzimba, eyayibonakala labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe inqubo ukuthuthukiswa ngamunye (ontogeny).

Uhlolojikelele

Naphezu kwetfulwe eqondile kwencazelo ukuthi phenotype, umqondo walo enezinto eziningi nokungaqiniseki. Iningi lezakhiwo kanye nama-molecule ukuthi okubhalwe by izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo alutholakalanga ukubukeka komzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ayingxenye phenotype. Isibonelo kungaba le phenotype igazi labantu. Kule ndaba, ngokusho kwabanye abalobi, yencazelo kumele ifake ekhatsi leyo izici ukuthi ingatholakala nokusetshenziswa izindlela zokuxilonga, wezokwelapha kanye lobuchwepheshe. A eziwukweqisa ingaqukatha okwengeziwe ukunwetshwa atholwe ukuziphatha, futhi uma kudingekile, umthelela emvelweni umzimba, futhi ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, bezihlahla kanye edamini beaver ingase ikhishwe ukuze phenotype yabo.

Izici Key

Icacisa ukuthi phenotype, singaxoxa mayelana "begijima" ulwazi zofuzo ukuhlangabezana yizici zemvelo. Uma indlela yokuqala kufanele kubhekwe izici ezimbili:

  1. Dimensionality ka phenotype. Lesi sibonakaliso kubonisa isibalo izindawo, "ukususwa", echaza inani yizici zemvelo.
  2. Eyesibili phawu lukhombisa phenotype kuvelana imvelo. Igama lalesi degree - ububanzi.

Zizonke, lezi zici ukuphakamisa ukujula ezihlukahlukene phenotypes. Isethi multidimensional izici ngamunye, izici more sensitive, futhi ziqhubeka asuka genotype, ngakho-ke kuba acebile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iqhathaniswa phenotype amagciwane, izikelemu, frog, indoda, "ingcebo" ku inyuka chain. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phenotype womuntu onothile.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ngo-1909, Vilgelm Iogansen (usosayensi Danish) okokuqala - ngokuhlanganyela nomqondo genotype - phenotype definition ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kwavumela ukuba bahlukanise phakathi ufuzo umphumela kusebenta kwaso. Umqondo umehluko usukela ngemisebenzi Mendel, futhi Weismann. Lesi sakamuva lihlukile amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo nekutala eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Okuholela setha wama-chromosomes sabazali eziqukethwe le kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana. Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome baphathe izakhi zofuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi sici for a kwezinhlobo ezithile ngokuvamile futhi ikakhulukazi kusukela umzimba. Amangqamuzana inikeza ulwazi mayelana amaprotheni ukuthi kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo, futhi zezinqubo empeleni ukuchaza kanye nokulawula zamagama. Kuthiwani uma lokhu kwenzeka? Lapho ontogeny isebenze izakhi zofuzo kanye nalabo amaprotheni kwemiqondo ukuthi okubhalwe. Umphumela uba ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano zonke izakhiwo kanye nezici umzimba, akha phenotype yayo. Ngamanye amazwi, sithola "umkhiqizo" we ukuqaliswa kohlelo zofuzo eziqukethwe genotype.

Ithonya izimo zangaphandle izici ukukhula ngabanye

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi genotype akuyona into ehlukile inquma phenotype. Ngo-degree kumiswa aggregate izici ngamunye obuhlukahlukene kuzoncika imvelo aphethe, ukuthi ivela iziphi izici zangaphandle. Ezimweni ezihlukahlukene phenotypes kukhona ngqo kuqhathaniswa. Ngokwesibonelo, zezimvemvane "arashniya" ngonyaka ukhiqiza inzalo ezimbili. Labo abantu abanikwa iphuma iziphungumangathi overwintered (entwasahlobo), zihluke kakhulu kulezo ukuthi uvele ehlobo. Ingase futhi ziyahlukahluka, futhi phenotype zalesi sihlahla. Ngokwesibonelo, endaweni evulekile lwentshebe izihlahla zikaphayini, futhi ehlathini - yinde futhi mncane. Ngezinye amanzi Buttercup leaf ukuma incike lapho uhlala - emoyeni noma emanzini.

Ubudlelwane of phenotypes futhi genotypes

Amandla ukushintsha, okuyinto Ilungiselelwe nguhlelo zofuzo, ngokuthi izinga yokusabela. Njengomthetho, kulapho nhlobonhlobo izimo lapho uhlala buka, ngokuma okuvulekile kuyinsakavukela. Esimweni lapho imvelo wehlukile ukuthi lapho uhlobo ingashintshwa ukwephula kwenzeka ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo, futhi ziyafa. Izibonakaliso phenotype kungukuthi kubonakala njalo alleles esikhubazayo. Kodwa bayasindiswa futhi Ungahambisa enzalweni. Lezi idatha enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba uqonde kangcono ukuthi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngo kwemvelo kuhilela phenotypes kuphela inzalo futhi adluliselwa futhi genotypes okwengeziwe sabantu. Ukuxhumana akugcini ubuhlobo alleles esikhubazayo ephezulu - izakhi zofuzo eziningi nihlanganyele.

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