Isakhiwo compounds futhi athwala umoya-mpilo ezinkulu

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi yenza umsebenzi ezokuthutha emzimbeni kwezilwane esinegazi elifudumele, zilethwe kwezicubu nge izakhi kanye nomoya-mpilo. Ukuthwala umoya-mpilo ne-carbon dioxide wenziwa ngokusebenzisa obomvu amathole igazi, okuhlanganisa ayinto ebaluleke - hemoglobin. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izinhlobo futhi athwala umoya-mpilo kwakwakhe.

Kuyini i-hemoglobin

I-hemoglobin - kuyinto erythrocyte ingxenye, bohlanga amaprotheni. Siqukethe 96% ndaba proteinaceous globin nama-4% of indaba nge-athomu angu-2-valent yensimbi - heme. Kwelinye erythrocyte yayo cell iqukethe abangaba yizigidi ezingu-280 zama-molecule akha khona igazi umbala obomvu.

Impahla eyinhloko-hemoglobin - yensimbi yikhono unamathisele Gasses futhi wajinge wanamatsela, ukwakha umoya-mpilo ezihambayo ovela emaphashini ezicutshini futhi carbon dioxide ezicutshini zomzimba kuya emaphashini. Ngakho, indima yayo inqubo negesi lokushintshisana emzimbeni lubaluleke.

Sakhiwo izinhlobo nge-hemoglobin yabantu

Ngezinye zokukhula ezihlukene umzimba wobuntu elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi uhluke ekwakhekeni emaketangeni polypeptide. Kuye onjani polypeptide ngamaketanga iqukethe-hemoglobin isakhiwo izinhlobo nge-hemoglobin yabantu kanje:

1. -hemoglobin Adult (HbA) itholakala lemali evelele (mayelana 98-99% we isamba egazini) e abadala. HbA 2 futhi siqukethe ngamaketanga amabili polypeptide. Ngo ngayinye acid acid iqukethe helices heme ingxenye ne-athomu obhekene kokusondelana i-molecule umoya-mpilo. HbA lunamandla aphansi i-oksijini kuka kokusondelana nezinye izinhlobo elithwala umoya-mpilo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba livikela kakhulu pH iyehla iyenyuka futhi t.
2. Kwengane (HbF) is kuhlelwe ku-fetus zisesesibelethweni, eziqala amasonto 6-7 yokukhulelwa , kulandele esikhundleni yayo ku HbA. Kakade 1 inyanga zokuphila kubambezela synthesis HbF, inani umthamo wegazi inyuka, olukhuthaziwe HbA zamagama ukuthi seminyaka emithathu yokuphila kwengane kuziwa iphesenti indlela yokwakheka igazi lomuntu omdala. -hemoglobin kwengane kusuka omdala globin amaketango yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile, abakhona esikhundleni neketanga uhlobo Kuvunguza. HbF, njengoba kuqhathaniswa HbA, has a degree engezansi ukumelana noshintsho igazi pH futhi izinga lokushisa komzimba ukuhluka.
3. Embryonic (HbE). ifomu Primary zokuphefumula amaprotheni ikhiqizwa umbungu ngaphambi kumiswa placenta (kakade ngesonto lokuqala sokukhulelwa) futhi ihlala amasonto 6-7. Isakhiwo ubonakala ngokuba amaketanga kanye ζ-izinhlobo.

izinhlobo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo elithwala umoya-mpilo

Kwezinye izimo kuthonywa ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeke okungavamile-hemoglobin zamagama amaseli. izinhlobo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo i-hemoglobin bengafani ukwakheka bokuphila polypeptide izibopho, noma kunalokho, kuguquka yabo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo-DNA zamagama izingxenye erythrocyte akuzona glutamic futhi valine acid acid. Lokhu "HR" esikhundleni kuholela ekwakhekeni isakhiwo amaprotheni-like 2 nge "okunamathelayo" ebusweni ingxenye uyakwazi ukwabela lezi zakhiwo ngokwabo. Ngakho, polymerization kwenzeka hbs-molecule, ngenxa yalokho, sebethule erythrocyte esindayo nengenawo uthuthwa imithambo yegazi. Lokhu ukuphambuka ibizwa ngokuthi "isikela cell anemia".

Izinkambiso kulungisa elithwala umoya-mpilo abantu

Okuqukethwe amaprotheni kwezakhiwo zokuphefumula egazini kubantu kungahluka ngekwebulili, abangontanga, yokuphila, futhi ezinye izici, njenge sokukhulelwa.

Amanani Jwayelekile wegazi elithwala umoya-mpilo, hhayi ezibhekwa ukuphambuka sokugembula:

• The men - 130-150 g / l.
• Abesifazane - 120-140 g / l.
• Izingane ezingaphansi konyaka 100-140 g / l, futhi ngenyanga yokuqala, lezi zimiso ongafinyelela afinyelela ku-220 g / l ngenxa emakamu anda elithwala umoya-mpilo-fetus. Ezinganeni kusuka onyakeni owodwa kuya eminyakeni eyisithupha - 110-145 g / l, futhi engu-6 zokuphila - 115-150 g / l, kungakhathaliseki ubulili ingane.
• Ngo sokukhulelwa, ukwehla HbA okuhlushwa ukuze 110 g / l, okuyinto Nokho njengenkulumo anemiya.
• Abantu abadala kuyinto evamile mkhuba phansi amayunithi 5 ezindinganisweni kushiwo, kuncike ubulili isiguli.

Ngokwe ziqu yobudala ihlukile negazi equkethe izinhlobo kanyekanye ezahlukene e-hemoglobin. Ngokwesibonelo, e omdala womuntu isilinganiso yemvelo 99% HbA futhi engafinyelela kwengu-1% HbF. Izingane kuze kube iphesenti HbF lingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinye abadala, ngenxa nokwahlukana kancane kancane amafomu ekuqaleni etholakalayo ye-hemoglobin fetus.

ifomu bokuphila

Kusukela obomvu sombala zokuphefumula ngokuqhubekayo uhlanganyela negesi lokushintshisana izinqubo emzimbeni, isici zako ezisemqoka yikhono yakha compounds nge molecule amagesi ahlukahlukene. Ngenxa ukusabela okunjalo kukhona izinhlobo bokuphila elithwala umoya-mpilo, okuyinto kubhekwa njengento evamile.

• Oxyhemoglobin (Hb) - kwakwakhe nge-molecule umoya-mpilo. Inqubo kwenzeka ipheshana zokuphefumula, ku-alveoli yamaphaphu. Ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo abomvu corpuscles kuthiwa namabala e umbala obomvu, othiwa lwemithambo futhi ushukumisela ovela emaphashini ezicutshini nawenza yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa ezidingekile izinqubo namachibi.
• kwakhiwa encishisiwe-hemoglobin is lapho corpuscles obomvu ukunikeza umoya-mpilo ezicutshini, kodwa namanje akazange ukuphatha ukuthatha kude nabo carbon dioxide - Deoxyhemoglobin (HbH).
• Carboxyhemoglobin (Hb) imiswe phakathi umjovo we-carbon dioxide ezicutshini zomzimba nokususa yona ukukhanya, kokuqeda inqubo emishinini yokuphefumula womuntu. Carboxyhemoglobin wegazi lenza igazi libe emithambo yegazi umbala omnyama - burgundy.

uxhumano normal

Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi kungenziwa exhunywe hhayi kuphela amagesi abahilelekile ukuphefumula, kodwa futhi ezinye izinhlobo ifomu okungavamile ngqamuzana elingaphakathi kukhona yingozi empilweni yomuntu ngisho nokuphila. Lezi zinto zehlela ngezinga elithile ongaphakeme kokuwa, Nokho kuholele izicubu hypoxia, nokwephula yenqubo zokuphefumula.

• Karbgemoglobin (HbCO) - kwakwakhe esiyingozi ngokwedlulele egazini womuntu emva ukuhogela i-carbon monoxide. Blocks ikhono kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ukuze athwala umoya-mpilo ezicutshini. Ngisho lokuhlushwa elincane i-carbon monoxide emoyeni ka 0,07% kungaholela ekufeni.
• Methemoglobin (HbMet) ezakhiwe ushevu nitrobenzene compounds, izibonelo okuyizinto inhlaka aliphatic, izihlanzi, ethers, i-cellulose, osebenzayo kabanzi basembonini yendwangu. Nitrate e nokuxhumana elithwala umoya-mpilo eziqukethwe heme is iguqulwe 2-valent zensimbi 3-valent, nakho kuholela hypoxia.

ukuxilongwa nge-hemoglobin

Ukuze abone lokuhlushwa globin izakhiwo zokuphefumula egazini lomuntu abazenzi zombili izinhlobo qualitative ambalwa of assays. I-hemoglobin nalo wahlola ngoba inani lokuqukethwe kuwo yensimbi ion.

The main indlela ambalwa sokunquma lokuhlushwa i-hemoglobin namuhla Assay colorimetric. Kuyinto Ukutadisha ukugcwaliswa umbala izinto eziphilayo azithathe ngokungeza nalokho a reagent ekhethekile.

izindlela qualitative zihlanganisa igazi ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kulo izinhlobo maqondana HbA futhi HbF. Kukhona ukuhlaziywa qualitative emayelana quantification wegazi glycated elithwala umoya-mpilo-molecule (compounds nge-carbon) - indlela ukusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga sikashukela.

Ukuphambuka kusuka evamile-hemoglobin lokuhlushwa

Balance ingahluka HbA kokubili ngezansi nangaphezulu kuyinsakavukela. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu kuholela imiphumela engemihle. Lapho kukhona ukwehla HbA syndrome sokugembula ngezansi kuyinsakavukela, okuthiwa "yensimbi ukuntula anaemia". Sachaza ukucobeka, ukungabi namandla, nokuntula usizo. Kubathinta kabi isimiso sezinzwa, kuyingozi ikakhulukazi izingane, njengoba kunjalo ngokuvamile imbangela ukubambezeleka ekuthuthukiseni psycho-motor.

-hemoglobin Ukwandiswa akusona isifo ehlukile, kunalokho, kuba syndrome eyabonisa pathologies ezehlukene njengesifo sikashukela, ukuhluleka yamaphaphu, isifo senhliziyo, sezinso, i-folic acid noma overabundance B amavithamini, umdlavuza kanye nabanye.