Ubuciko kanye EzokuzijabulisaUmculo

Wilhelm uRichard Wagner: A Biography. Richard Wagner nemisebenzi yakhe edumile

Wilhelm uRichard Wagner - umqambi German nowayenguSomhlahlandlela drama, umqondisi yaseshashalazini, umqhubi, polemicist, eyaduma ngoba opera wakhe, okuyinto baye baba nethonya wamavukelambuso emculweni Western. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu - "The Flying umDashi" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan futhi Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) kanye tetralogy "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 GG.).

Richard Wagner: Biography emfushane futhi lokusungula

Wagner wazalwa ngo-May 22, 1813 ku Leipzig, emndenini nesizotha. Ubaba wakhe washona ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe, futhi kwathi kungakapheli nonyaka unina washada Lyudviga Geyera. Akwaziwa ukuthi zinyanga nokuzula umlingisi, uyise uqobo lomfana. Wagner umculo imfundo okungahleliwe, waze waba 18, lapho wachitha unyaka at uTheodore Vaynliga e Leipzig. Waqala inkambo yakhe e 1833 wokuba umbhidisi choral e neWürzburg futhi wabhala imisebenzi bakhe bokuqala, wenza belingisa izingoma German romantic. Ngaleso sikhathi, Thixo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela Beethoven.

Wagner wabhala opera "Fairies" yakhe kuqala 1833, kodwa wakhululwa ngemva kokufa umqambi sika. Wayengumuntu umqondisi zomculo yamabhayisikobho laseMagdeburg kusuka 1834 kuya 1836, lapho umsebenzi wakhe ozayo, "Uthando Forbidden 'esekelwe' Kala for Kala" kaShakespeare, waba kwango 1836. Opera wahlupheka fiasco ephelele futhi benza yaseshashalazini ungeke uzithole usuwile. Nokho, izinkinga zezimali umqambi ezigcwele zonke yomlando wakhe. Richard Wagner ngonyaka ofanayo eKönigsberg washada Minna Planner, umculi nomlingisikazi, iye bahileleke yemidlalo ukuphila yesifundazwe. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa wasamukela leso okuthunyelwe umculo umqondisi kaMasipala Theatre, okuyinto Nokho, futhi ngokushesha waya ukuphelelwa yimali.

Ukuhluleka France futhi ukubuya Germany

Ngo-1837, Wagner baba umculo umqondisi lokuqala yaseshashalazini eRiga. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi inkontileka yakhe ngeke enwetshiwe, ngaphansi ebusuku, ecashele abakweletwayo futhi abaqoqi, lo mbhangqwana waya eParis, enethemba ukwenza kube isimo. Richard Wagner, ogama biography kanye nomsebenzi eFrance savela ngendlela ehluke, njengoba ayehlelile ngoba isikhathi sakhe kuleyo ndawo wazakhela inzondo okunamandla isiko French zomculo, eye wahlala naye kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, Wagner, nobunzima kwezezimali, ithengiswe eParis Opera iskripthi "The Flying umDashi" ukusetshenziswa ngomunye umqambi. Kamuva wabhala enye inguqulo we indaba. Yenqatshwe imibuthano waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha zomculo, Wagner laliqhubeka nokulwa mayelana nokwamukelwa: ubhala umculo ematheksthini isiFulentshi, wabhala i-aria ngoba "Norma" Bellini sika. Kodwa imizamo ukubeka imisebenzi yabo yayiyize. Ekugcineni, inkosi Saxony avunyelwe Wagner ukuthi asebenze Dresden enkantolo nkundla, futhi lokhu kwaholela ekuphileni kwakhe waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha.

Richard Wagner, badunyazwa ukwehluleka, ngo-1842 waphindela e-Germany yalungisa ku Dresden, lapho wenza ukuba lube nokwenzeka umculo ngoba Chapel enkantolo. "Rienzi" opera omkhulu nezinezinhlekelele kakhulu isitayela isiFulentshi, bajabulela impumelelo nesizotha. Overture kusukela luseyintandokazi. Ngo-1845, e Dresden, kudlalwé "Tannhauser." Kwakuwusuku impumelelo lokuqala undoubted emsebenzini Wagner sika. Ngo-November walowo nyaka ofanayo waphothula ukulotshwa Libretto ngokuba opera "Lohengrin" ekuqaleni 1846 waqala ukubhalela umculo wakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bethatheka le milando zaseScandinavia, wenza amalungiselelo ukuze tetralogy yakhe "The Ring we Nibelung." Ngo-1845, walungisa i-iskripthi idrama yokuqala tetralogy "Ukufa Siegfried," kamuva uqambe "Twilight WoNkulunkulu."

Richard Wagner: Biography emfushane. iminyaka besekudingisweni

Inguquko ka-1848 kwagqashuka emadolobheni amaningi ase-Jalimane. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Dresden, ngokuzimisela kule nhlangano wamavukelambuso elaba uRichard Wagner. Biography kanye umsebenzi umqambi kubangelwe Lesi sikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Wanyathelisa tirades incendiary e umagazini kazwelonke, mathupha usabalalisa manifestos phakathi kwezinhloko zamaviyo Saxon, ngisho ngasinda emlilweni umbhoshongo, okuyindawo wababuka ukunyakaza ezempi. May 16, 1849 i-imvume eyakhishwa ukuba aboshwe. Nge imali yabangane nawesikhathi esizayo-umthetho Franz Liszt ebalekela Dresden bahamba nge Paris eSwitzerland. Lapho, kuqala Zurich bese eduze Lucerne for engu-15 elandelayo futhi savela yomlando wakhe. Richard Wagner wahlala, hhayi kokuba umsebenzi unomphela, baxoshwa eJalimane, ne mthetho ukuba azibandakanye ethiyetha ukuphila German. Sonke lesi sikhathi wayesebenza kwi "Ring des Nibelungen" ukuthi ibusa ukuphila kwakhe okudala lemibili letako.

I zesiteji lokuqala opera uRichard Wagner sika "Lohengrin" wawuba ngasekuqaleni Weimar ngaphansi kokuqondisa Franz Liszt ngawo-1850 (umlobi alizibonanga umsebenzi wakhe phambi 1861). Ngalesi sikhathi umqambi German futhi ayedumile njengoba polemicist, futhi umsebenzi wakhe eliyisisekelo theory, "Opera futhi Drama" waphuma e 1850-1851 GG. It esikhuluma ngokubaluleka legends ngenxa yemidlalo futhi kanjani ukubhala Libretto, futhi letangeniswa imicabango yakhe ukuqaliswa kwe "umsebenzi Imininingwane yobuciko" eyashintsha ukuphila waseshashalazini eJalimane, uma kungekhona ukuthi emhlabeni wonke.

Ngo-1850, Wagner yanyatheliswa indzaba "UbuJuda Umculo", lapho wangabaza kakhulu kungenzeka khona umqambi bamaJuda kanye umculi, ikakhulukazi umphakathi German. Anti-kwamaJuda wahlala litshwayo ifilosofi yakhe ukuphila.

Ngo-1933, iSoviet Union, le ncwadi yabhalwa ngo "Ukuphila Kwabantu Emangazayo" uchungechunge AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." Umlando Omfushane umqambi German kwandulelwe Lunacharsky amagama akufanele nemvundo emhlabeni, ukweqa umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa futhi sulilos "maye kulowo ngeke akuvumele lokhu wizard ikamu lethu."

umsebenzi ethelayo

Richard Wagner imisebenzi edume kunazo esibhaliwe phakathi 1850 kanye 1865 - kubo ukweleta idumela lakhe namuhla. Umqambi shied ngamabomu kude umsebenzi okuqhubekayo ukudala i umjikelezo oludumile lokhu ezidlula, lapho kungakabekwa muntu phambi kwakhe akazange angenele. Ngo 1851, Wagner wabhala Libretto ngoba "Young Siegfried", kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi "Siegfried" ukulungiselela enhlabathini "Twilight WoNkulunkulu." Waqaphela ukuthi ukuze bavune nezinye umsebenzi walo, ngaphezu kwalokhu, kuzomele ubhale idrama ezimbili, futhi ekupheleni 1851 Wagner sketched umbhalo ezisele "Izindandatho". Waqeda "Das Rheingold" e 1852 emva ebukezwe Libretto ukuba "Valkyrie."

Ngo 1853, umqambi sekuqalile ngokusemthethweni ngokubhala "Das Rheingold". I-okhestra laqedwa 1854th. umsebenzi Landelayo kokuba waqala sina Richard Wagner, "Die Walküre", yaqedwa ngo-1856-m. Ngalesi sikhathi yaqala ukucabanga mayelana ngokubhala "Tristan futhi Isolde". Ngo-1857, isenzo "Siegfried" yesibili sekuphothuliwe kanti umqambi bacwiliswa ngokuphelele indzabambhalo "Tristan." Lo msebenzi waqedwa ngo-1859, kodwa okomhlaba yayo kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1865 Munich.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngo 1860, uWilhelm uRichard Wagner wathola imvume siphindele eJalimane, ngaphandle Saxony. ushwele Okugcwele esabalindele kuye eminyakeni emibili. Ngawo lowo nyaka waqala ngokubhala umculo for the opera "I Mastersingers ka eNuremberg", okuyinto unina amkhulelwe 1845-m. Wagner waqhubeka nomsebenzi ku "Siegfried" ngo-1865 futhi waqala ukwenza imidwebo ngekusasa "Parsifal", ethembeni Wayelokhu kusukela maphakathi nawo-1840s. Umqambi opera eqala kulowo ukuphikelela ka abavikela yakhe nkosi Bavarian Ludwig II. "Die Meistersinger" laqedwa 1867. Kudlalwé owaqhutshelwa e Munich ngonyaka ozayo. Kuphela ngemva kwalokho waphinde wakwazi ukusingatha umsebenzi isenzo wesithathu "Siegfried", eyaqedwa ngo-September 1869. Ngayo leyo nyanga, kwathiwa sokuqala esenziwa opera "Das Rheingold". Umculo for the "Twilight WoNkulunkulu," umqambi wabhala phakathi 1869 kanye 1874

Ngokokuqala ngqá umjikelezo ogcwele "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre", "Siegfried" futhi "Twilight Wawonkulunkulu") wabulawa ku "Festspielhaus", kodwa leyo ndawo yeshashalazi umkhosi Wagner eyakhelwe yena Bayreuth ngo-1876, ngemva kweminyaka engu-30 ngemva lo mbono wokuqala beza kuye. Waqeda umsebenzi "Parsifal", idrama yakhe zakamuva 1882. Februwari 13, 1883 e-Venice, uRichard Wagner wafa wangcwatshwa e Bayreuth.

Philosophy tetralogy

"I Ring we Nibelung" unendima eyinhloko umsebenzi Wagner. Lapha wayefuna ukwethula imibono emisha zokuziphatha futhi izenzo zabantu, okwakuyoholela zishintshile ngokuphelele inkambo yomlando. Wayecabanga izwe elingenabo ukukhulekela ebugqilini kwemvelo, okuyinto wayekholelwa nomthelela omumbi ku impucuko yaseNtshonalanga kusukela eGrisi lasendulo kuze kube namuhla. Wagner futhi kubhekwa umthombo zonke izinto ezenziwa abantu besaba ukuthi kufanele balahle ukuthi muntu owakwazi ukuphila ukuphila okuphelele. I "Ring we Nibelungen" wazama ukuchaza abafumana abantu, izinto uzokubusa phezu kwalabo lwabeswele. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngokusho kwakhe, abafayo kufanele aqaphele siqu yesimo esiphansi ukunikeza nobukhazikhazi iqhawe ekahle. Izinkinga ezihlobene beyofuna lihlanzekile ngokuziphatha zobuhlanga, ziyingxenye ebalulekile we plan, lapho eseneminyaka uRichard Wagner.

Imisebenzi umqambi eyenziwa inkolelo yokuthi kuphela ingqikithi ukucwiliswa in a isipiliyoni sezinzwa ungakwazi khulula indoda kusukela izingqinamba rationality. Nanyana kube intelligence eyigugu, nezinto eziphilayo ezihlakaniphile ithathwa Wagner njengoba isithiyo ekuzuzeni umuntu ephelele kunayo ukuqaphela. Kuphela lapho indoda enhle futhi owesifazane ovelele nibuthana ndawonye, obabazekayo isithombe nobuqhawe kungadalwa. Futhi Siegfried Brungilda steel unbeaten ngemva okufakiwe kuze kube nomunye; ngaphandle angabe esaba khona ephelele.

Ezweni Wagner sika wasenganekwaneni ayikho indawo ngesihe ukukhohliseka. Kutibophelela kuphela Jabulani nomunye. Bonke abantu badinga ukuqaphela ukuphakama ezinye izidalwa, bese bow kubo njengokuthanda kwabo. Umuntu Unga cinga ikusasa lakhe, kodwa-ke kumele zihloniphe intando aphakeme, uma zithuka. I "Ring we Nibelungen" Wagner wafuna akufulathele impucuko njengefa kusukela izwe Hellenic-elisetshenziswa amaJuda namaKristu. Wayefuna ukubona izwe, okuyinto ubuswa amandla futhi wildness, nalapho le milando amaNorseman. Imiphumela yalokhu nefilosofi ngekusasa eJalimane baba inhlekelele.

Philosophy nezinye opera

Ngo "Tristan," Wagner siye sashintsha ngokuphelele indlela yayo, akhiwa kuye ku "Ring we Nibelung." Kunalokho, wabonisana uhlole obubi lothando bagxuma ekujuleni isenzakalo esingajabulisi. Tristan futhi Isolde, abakhululiwe, hhayi esasizobhujiswa uthando Potion banayo odakiwe, uzimisele ukuba babhubhise umbuso, sokuthi bayothandana futhi baphile; amandla izinkanuko luni lothando okukhulunywa lapha njengoba elimazayo, nesitayela chromaticism zomculo enkulu pulsations wezinsimbi mahle imibiko isithembiso idrama.

Narcissism Wagner, owayengeyena libekezelela konke kodwa abakuboni amaphutha ayo, eyathinteka e "Die Meistersinger." Le ndaba ikhuluma intokazi iqhawe-umculi ukuba anqobe oludala futhi ukudweba phansi entsha, isitayela okuningi okuthakazelisayo emasikweni inkampani ezihambisana of eNuremberg - inganekwane we "indandatho" endaweni sama ukuhluka. Wagner wathi obala ukuthi "Tristan" iyona "Ring" in yesikhumbuzo. Ngokusobala, "Die Meistersinger" umqambi ikhomba lesi sibalo noMesiya of imbongi abasha German futhi umculi ophumelele umklomelo, futhi ekugcineni ezamukelwe ngu umholi somphakathi omusha - eduze okwakuthandelene kumbhali letingemaciniso kanye yomlando wakhe. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" ngisho more uye wakwenza uzihlanganisa hero-umsindisi, umhlengi zomhlaba. I amasakramente bahlabelela izindumiso kuyi-opera, olwabo uvuko kuyoba inkazimulo umbhali, hhayi kunoma yimuphi omunye unkulunkulu.

Ulimi zomculo

Izinga umbono Wagner injengemifudlana nethakazelisayo dudula ingqondo yayo futhi kuyisize Metaphysics. Ngaphandle umculo, idrama bakhe babengeke zisekhona ingqopha-mlando emlandweni yokucabanga Western. Richard Wagner, ogama umculo esandisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi wakhe izikhathi eziningi, eyaqanjwa ulimi, emelela kangcono ifilosofi yakhe. Wayefuna ukuyobopha amakholwa minza ukumelana zamabutho okucabanga esebenzisa zomculo. Kahle kahle, Ihubo kufanele kuze kube phakade, futhi izwi nombhalo kukhona kuyingxenye, kwahlanganiswa ne-web omangalisayo we-okhestra. ulimi Verbal, ngokuvamile usithe kakhulu futhi olungile iyinkathazo, samukelwa kuphela ngomculo.

Ukuze umculo Wagner sika nganoma iyiphi indlela kwakungelona ibhekwa, kuxhumene idrama ngemva kokuqedwa kwalo, futhi kwaba ngaphezu kokungenisa mpendulo esisemthethweni, "ubuciko ngenxa art sika." It lubopha impilo kanye ubuciko, ngokoqobo futhi inkohliso union olulodwa iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana, banethonya siqu nomphumela babo bemilingo izilaleli. ulimi Wagner emculweni kuhloswe ukuba debunk enguziqu futhi kubangele ukwamukelwa ngokungathandabuzi izinkolelo umqambi sika. Ngo Wagner ukufunda Schopenhauer amadrama ekahle zomculo - lokhu akukona kukhombisa izwe, + kodwa lonke izwe ngokwalo.

izimfanelo Siqu

umphumela onjalo sokuphila okudala Wagner alisho lutho ngobunzima okungavamile ekuphileni kwakhe siqu, okuyinto yena, yaba nethonya opera yakhe. Wayengumuntu isibili sibalo onekhono oye zimelane nezimo ezinzima. ESwitzerland, umqambi waphila iminikelo atholakale ngosizo ngobuqili kumangaza futhi nekhono lokusebenzisa ngobuhlakani abantu. Ikakhulu, waba negalelo elikhulu enhlalakahleni we Wesendonck umkhaya, futhi Matilda Vezendonk, omunye abathandi abaningi Wagner ayemphefumulele ukubhala "Tristan."

ukuphila Umqambi sika ngemva kokuhamba Saxony kwakugcwele njalo nozungu, impikiswano, ezama ukunqoba ukunganaki zomhlaba, ekufuneni Lona wesifazane ophelele abafanelwe uthando lwakhe, futhi enhle abavikela umamukeli uyakufanelekela izimali kulo wayesengaba. Cosima von Bulow Liszt saba yimpendulo ukunxanela kwakhe Lona wesifazane ophelele, obsequiously futhi fanatically ezinikele inhlalakahle yabo. Nakuba Wagner Minna isikhashana Wayehlala yedwa, wayengabhekiseli ngishade Cosimo ngo-1870, cishe iminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokufa kumkakhe wokuqala. iminyaka engu-30 ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-umyeni wakhe, Cosima konke ukuphila kwakhe izinikele yaseshashalazini Wagner sika at Bayreuth. Washona ngo-1930

Yathandwa i abavikela ekahle Ludwig II, owabe ngokoqobo ukulondolozwa Wagner ejele abanamacala 'futhi zayiswa umqambi eMunich nge Blanche cishe Carte ukuphila nomsebenzi. Umqhele Kunyatheliswa Lyudvig of eBavaria ukuwo kudlalwé "Lohengrin" eneminyaka engu-nanhlanu. Wayethanda uRichard Wagner - hhayi izinyembezi zenjabulo zifika emehlweni akhe kanye esiphakeme ithalente Admirer of umqambi ngesikhathi ukusebenza. Opera kwaba yisisekelo iNkosi ka Bavaria fantasy world, lapho ngokuvamile luhlangabezane ukuphila kwakhe omdala. Wayelawulwa nge opera Wagner kwaholela ekwakhiweni izinqaba ahlukahlukene onjalo. "Neuschwanstein" kungenzeka isakhiwo edume kunazo zonke, liphefumulelwe imisebenzi umqambi-German.

Nokho, ngemva ukophula kwakhe, Wagner uziphathé ngokungacabangi ngezinga offensively zifa ekudumiseni nkosi abasha ukuthi emva kweminyaka 2 waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele. Ludwig, naphezu wadumala kwaba umsekeli umsekeli oqinile umqambi. Siyabonga ngayo emseni wakhe ngo-1876 Lwenziwe ifestivali yokuqala ukusebenza "Der Ring des Nibelungen" e Bayreuth.

Difficile Wagner wayeqiniseka yokuphakama kwakhe, futhi eminyakeni kwaba umqondo wakhe eshintshashintshayo. Wayengumuntu singayivumeli kokungabaza, isiphi ukwehluleka Mthatheni endalweni yakhe. Konke endlini yakhe kwakugxile kuphela abaziyo, futhi amazwi akhe kanye nabafazi, intombi eseceleni, abangane, abaculi kanye abanomusa babe eqolo. Ngokwesibonelo, Hanslick, umsekeli odumile saseVienna umculo umhlaziyi, baba sibonelo Bekmessera e "Die Meistersinger."

Lapho lo mfilosofi osemusha uFriedrich Nietzsche ehlangana noGagner okokuqala, wacabanga ukuthi uthole indlela yakhe eya kunkulunkulu, ngakho wayebonakala enamandla futhi enamandla. Kamuva, uNietzsche waqaphela ukuthi umqambi wayengaphansi kakhulu kokuzalwa okuphelele komuntu ophakeme njengoba eyazibona, futhi waphendukela enyanyweni. UWagner akazange amxolele uNietzsche ngendiza yakhe.

Beka emlandweni

Ekubuyiseleni, ukuphumelela kukaWagner kukwedlula kokubili ukuziphatha kwakhe kanye nefa lakhe. Wakwazi ukusinda ukulahlwa okungenakwenzeka kwezizukulwane ezilandelayo zabaqambi. U-Wagner wadala ulimi olunjalo oluyimpumelelo, oluyingqayizivele lomculo, ikakhulukazi eTristan naseParsifal, ukuthi ukuqala komculo wanamuhla ngokuvamile kubalwa ngesikhathi sokubonakala kwala ma-opas.

URichard Wagner, omsebenzi wakhe odumile awunqunyelwe ekuthuthukiseni okuhlanzekile nokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo, wabonisa ukuthi umculo ungamandla aphilayo angashintsha izimpilo zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabonisa ukuthi le midlalo yaseshashalazini iyisitoreji semibono, hhayi isiteleka sokubalekela ekuqinisweni nasekuzijabuliseni. Futhi wabonisa ukuthi umqambi angakwazi ukuthatha indawo efanele phakathi kwabacwaningi abakhulu abaguquguqukayo empucuko yasentshonalanga, ukubuza nokuhlasela lokho okwakubonakala kungamukeleki ngendlela yendabuko yokuziphatha, isipiliyoni, ukufunda kanye nobuciko. Kanye noKarl Marx noCharles Darwin Richard Wagner, i-biography, ubuciko emculweni womqambi kufanelekile ukuthatha indawo efanele emlandweni wesikhathi sekhulu le-XIX.

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