YasePompeii: Indaba kokufa edolobheni ngezithombe. Umlando ekumbeni yasePompeii. YasePompeii: Alternative Umlando

Yini esiyaziyo mayelana emzini yasePompeii lasendulo? Umlando usitshela ukuthi uma lokhu kunedolobha ngokungazelelwe silahlekelwa zonke izakhamizi ngaphansi lava siphaphama intabamlilo. Eqinisweni, indaba yasePompeii ithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ugcwale eziningi ngokuningiliziwe.

Kumila uPompey

YasePompeii - lokhu ingenye LamaRoma eminingi yasendulo idolobha elingasemfuleni esifundazweni laseNaples e Campania. Kolunye uhlangothi kukhona iGulf of Naples (ebibizwa Kuman), futhi ngakolunye - emfuleni Sarn (endulo).

Abeve zazisekelwe yasePompeii? Umlando lomuzi lithi yayisekelwe isizwe lasendulo Oski emuva 7th ekhulwini BC. La maqiniso uqinisekise izinsalela ithempeli lika-Apholo nethempeli Doric kabani izakhiwo oluhambisana kwesikhathi lapho zazisekelwe yasePompeii. Laliwumuzi nje ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo izindlela eziningana - e Nola, Stabiae futhi Kuma.

Impi nokuzithoba

Ekhulwini 6th BC yasePompeii yanqotshwa lesizwe sabantwana Etruscans, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana - amaGreki Cumae.

Eminyakeni 343-290 BC babe Samnite neMpi, lapho umuzi liwumbimbi eRoma. Isimo efanayo futha phakathi Second ZabaseCarthage neMpi, okuyinto eyenzeka eminyakeni 218-201 BC.

Kodwa esikhathini empini Allied uPompey emiswa izitha waseRoma, futhi ngakho kwenzeka kamuva ukuthi yaba ikoloni lamaRoma, adalwe Lucius Cornelius Sulla e 80 BC.

Kwakungekhona emzamweni wakhe wokuqala ukuba anqobe Pompei. 89 BC Sulla wahola Ukuvinjezelwa komuzi ngesikhathi sempi, kodwa wamelana futhi kwaqinisa wabhanselwa kwemibhoshongo 12. Kodwa maduze edolobheni wanqotshwa bese isilusingathile Allied impi Veterans by oda Sulla sika.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yasePompeii baba port ulwandle, okuyothi ngalo supply kwezimpahla eRoma, Italy i-Aphiyo. Futhi, nomuzi wawungowegolide elaliyisikhungo esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni newayini namafutha omnqumo.

YasePompeii: umlando emzini ukuchuma

Kwaba isiphetho esinamandla. Esikhathini kusuka ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD futhi kwaze kwaba sonyakeni kokufa kwakhe ngokucacile kakhulu yaqhakaza yasePompeii. Umlando lomuzi lithi kuleyo minyaka ezakhiwa zonke izinhlobo eziyisisekelo izakhiwo ukuthi ayefanekisela leso sikhathi emzini waseRoma: ethempelini Jupiter, basil, embozwe emakethe izimpahla. Yiqiniso, izakhiwo namasiko kanye nezokuphatha ezakhiwa basePompeii.

Kulo muzi kwakunamaJuda amatiyetha ezimbili, enye yazo lincane, iye yasetshenziswa njengoba esendlini futhi Odeon. yemidlalo Ilondolozwe (yasendulo kunazo zonke emlandweni eyaziwa), okuyinto lwenzelwe ayizinkulungwane 20 izibukeli, futhi 3 nokugeza.

Umuzi lihlotshiswe ukubaza futhi ezihlukahlukene yobuciko kwezobuciko, ezitaladini babe egandayiwe. Kodwa ngenkathi indlela (kwaba sekusondele ukufa usuku) samukelwa ngu ekupheleni ukuphila komnikazi yasePompeii, umlando edolobheni.

Kwakubuye kube yisibonakaliso eziningi izindlu basePompeii, izitolo, okuye ogama lakhe behlonipha izenzakalo ezithile, ukungezwani kobuntu noma imisebenzi, isibonelo - Villa we Mysteries iNdlu Faun, Indlu Menander, iNdlu epigrams.

Abanikazi izindlu ocebile ehlotshisiwe izindlu nemidwebo zabo ezihlukahlukene futhi yamatshe.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba e yasePompeii - kuzalwa sokuphela

umuzi ochumayo futhi emuhle yasePompeii kwaba. Indaba yokushona kwalo iyesabeka. Futhi isikhali uyaca kwaba intabamlilo iVesuvius.

I kuzalwa lokuqala inhlekelele eseduze isuke ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka Februwari 5, 63 BC.

Seneca kwelinye imisebenzi yakhe waveza ukuthi kusukela umkhankaso kwaba zone ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba asebenzayo, ukuzamazama komhlaba akuyona into engavamile ukuba wakhe. Futhi ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule, kodwa amandla abo lalilincane ngempela, izakhamuzi nje ngakujwayela kubo. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, okulindele udlulele ngalé wonke amathemba.

Khona-ke, emadolobheni amathathu angomakhelwane - yasePompeii, izithombe naseHerculaneum Naples - kakhulu abathintekayo izakhiwo. Ukubhujiswa kwakusobala kangangokuthi eminyakeni 16 ezayo, indlu yehlulekile alulame ngokugcwele. Zonke engu-16 kwakufanele nokuvuselelwa asebenzayo, kabusha, elungisa yezimonyo. Futhi kule izinhlelo bekungenjongo yokuzakhela izakhiwo eziningana ezintsha, isibonelo, imigomo wangamalanga kwaze kwaba usuku ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe yasePompeii kuhlulekile.

Ukufa uPompey. Ngolunye usuku

Izakhamuzi uzamile ukubuyisela yasePompeii. Umlando ngokubhujiswa komuzi kubonisa ukuthi le nhlekelele waqala ngo-79 BC, emini, August 24 futhi yathatha izinsuku 2. Eruption njengoba kuze kube yileso sikhathi lalibhekwa mlilo ithule phephetha everything. Khona-ke ngaphansi lava ukubulala yasePompeii nje kuphela kodwa futhi ngaphezulu imizi emithathu - Stabiae, naseHerculaneum Oplonti.

Usuku phezu intabamlilo livela ifu umlotha futhi umusi, kodwa akukho ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ingakhokhwa. Ngemva kwesikhashana, leyezi lasibekela isibhakabhaka kuleli dolobha futhi ezitaladini baqala ukuhlala umlotha ishq.

Ukundindizela kwakuqhubeka, ukufinyelela emhlabathini. Kancane kancane, basuke eseshukumisa kangangokuthi wagumbuqela izinqola, nge izindlu sidilike kokuqeda izinto. Bekanye umlotha bese esibhakabhakeni aqala ukudilika kwamadwala.

Imigwaqo kanye nezindlu umuzi wagcwala kokuziklinya intuthu sulphurous, abantu abaningi bamane ubophekile emizini yabo.

Abaningi baye bazama ukuba bawushiye lowo muzi ngezinto ezibalulekile, kanye nabanye abangakwazanga bashiye indawo, babhubha emanxiweni emizini yabo. Imikhiqizo intabamlilo kuqhuma lamfica abantu nasezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi ngaphandle komuzi. Noma kunjalo, iningi labantu wakwazi ukushiya yasePompeii. Umlando uyakufakazela lokhu.

Ukufa uPompey. izinsuku ezimbili

Ngosuku olulandelayo, emoyeni edolobheni uye abe hot, nje kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo owabhubhisa lava zonke izinto eziphilayo, zonke izakhiwo kanye impahla yabantu. Ngemva kokuqhuma kwaba eningi umlotha ezimboze wonke umuzi, ukushuba we ungqimba umlotha ifinyelela 3 metres.

Ngemva kwaleyo ngozi endaweni yesehlakalo kufika umsebenzi okhethekile, okuyinto washo "ukufa" yedolobha nokuthi ngeke ibuyiselwe. Khona-ke kwaba Kusengenzeka ku Okusele ezitaladini yangaphambili edolobheni, ukuhlangana nabantu abazama ukuthola izinto zabo.

Ndawonye nePompeii wabulala kwelinye idolobha. Kodwa bathola babesanda ngenxa kokutholakala nelaseHerculaneum. Lo muzi yesibili, nayo sise unyawo mlilo iVesuvius, wafa, hhayi kusukela lava nomlotha. Ngemva kokuqhuma intaba-mlilo, kanye izisulu komuzi, laligcwele ungqimba imitha emithathu edwaleni futhi umlotha ukuthi hung esongelayo like ngendathane ukuthi angaya nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Futhi ngokushesha ngemuva ukuqhuma waya imvula ekhukhulayo ukuthi washayiseka ungqimba obukhulu umlotha emithambekeni intabamlilo futhi ikholomu amanzi uthuli amatshe hit ngqo eHerculaneum. ukugeleza ukujula engu-15 metres, ngakho umuzi wangcwatshwa ephila ngaphansi lokusakaza elisuka iVesuvius.

YasePompeii eziye zatholakala

Umlando kanye izindaba mayelana izenzakalo ezimbi konyaka, eside isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye. Kodwa ngemva amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, abantu baye balahlekelwa umbono lapho isisulu okwakuseduze layo umuzi yasePompeii. Umlando ekubhujisweni kwalesi idolobha kancane kancane aqala ukuphelelwa ubufakazi. Abantu baphila izimpilo zabo. Ngisho ezimweni lapho kukhona khona izinsalela nezakhiwo zasendulo kunabantu, ezifana imithombo ukumba, akekho wayengakaze acabange ukuthi kwaba izingcezu emzini yasePompeii lasendulo. Umlando ekumbeni kuphela kwaqala ekhulwini le-18 nele ngokungaqondile ezihlobene enegama Maria Amalia Christina.

Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi indodakazi yenkosi Saxony Okwesithathu Awugustu, nokwashiya lesi Dresden egcekeni ngemuva umshado wakhe noCharles Bourbon. Charles wayeyiNkosi we Sicilies ababili.

Indlovukazi samanje wayemthanda ubuciko ngesithakazelo esikhulu bahlola amahholo isigodlo, amapaki kanye nezinye izinto zawo. Futhi ngelinye ilanga, yena yabhekisela ukubaza, okuye wake watholakala ngaphambi kokuqhuma lokugcina intabamlilo iVesuvius. Ezinye zalezi eziqoshiwe atholakele ngengozi, nabanye - ne nokufakwa Jikelele d`Elbefa. Koroleva uMariya wesikhwama wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ubuhle ukubaza, okuyinto wabuza unkosikazi ukuthola ezintsha ezifana for wakhe.

Isikhathi sokugcina ngesikhathi iVesuvius babevele 1737. Phakathi kwalesi sehlakalo, engxenyeni phezulu indiza emoyeni, emthambekeni wahlala engavikelekile. Kusukela intabamlilo futhi eminyakeni nesigamu akazange abonise umsebenzi, inkosi bavumelana ukuqala ngifuna eziqoshiwe. Baqala ukusuka endaweni lapho kanye eseqedile ukusesha jikelele.

Ukucinga Izihloko

Ngesikhathi kuvubukulwa lidlule ngobukhulu ubunzima, ngoba-ke kwakudingekile ukuba abhubhise amafutha (15 imitha) ungqimba lava lukhuni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukuthi inkosi yasebenzisa isibhamu ekhethekile, Umsizi, amandla abasebenzi. Ekugcineni, izisebenzi Bakhubeka into eyinsimbi ezimayini yokufakelwa. Ngakho izingcezwana ezintathu ezinkulu amahhashi zethusi usayizi omkhulu atholakele.

Ngemva kwalokho, kwanqunywa ukuba bafune usizo onguchwepheshe. Ngenxa yalesi wamenywa Marquis Marcello Venuti, owayeneminyaka umgcini Library yasebukhosini. Kwakuthinta luphinde lwathola eziqoshiwe ezintathu zemabula kwabantu baseRoma togas, esifubeni zethusi ihhashi nezinsika ngesineke.

Ukutholakala naseHerculaneum

Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba sobala ukuthi kuzoba nakakhulu. Mbhanqwana wasebukhosini efika esakhiweni 22 Disemba 1738, sihlole iladi wathola umbhalo oqoshwe ukuthi lithi Rufus ezithile ngezindleko zakhe siqu yamisa yaseshashalazini Theatrum Herculanense. Ongoti baqhubeka ekumbeni, ngoba babazi ukuthi ethiyetha limelela khona edolobheni. Sekube izihloko eziningi ukugeleza kwamanzi alethwe odongeni emuva of the weshashalazi. Ngakho-ke kwatholakala nelaseHerculaneum. Ngenxa yalolu cwaningo sakwazi ukuhlela Museum, ukuthandwa eyayintula hhayi ngaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa futha isezingeni kunokuqala naseHerculaneum ukujula angashoni. Inkosi, kokubonisana elekhanda iyunithi yayo lobuchwepheshe, wanquma ukuhlehlisa amanothi yokwemba yenza ukuba ososayensi babe ku yasePompeii izindawo edolobheni. Umlando we kugujwa zonke izenzakalo ezijabulisayo wezandla ososayensi.

Ekumbeni yasePompeii

Ngakho, search for uPompey waqala Apreli 1, 1748. Emva kwezinsuku 5, kwatholakala ucezu lokuqala mural, kwathi ngo-April 19 - isidumbu, okuvela kulo izandla ephuma out a zesiliva ambalwa. Kwakuwusuku maphakathi nedolobha yasePompeii. Ngeshwa, engaboni ukubaluleka uyathola, ochwepheshe nomuzwa wokuthi isidingo kufanele abheke kwenye indawo, futhi bagcwalise le ndawo.

A yemidlalo kancane satholakala futhi villa, owawungumnyaka kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i-House of Cicero. Izindonga kulendlu abangu kahle ngesineke futhi ehlotshiswe nemidwebo. Zonke imisebenzi yobuciko zisusiwe futhi ngokushesha embozwe villa emuva.

Ngemva kwalokho, eminyakeni 4 futhi umlando ekumbeni yasePompeii bashiywa, ukunakwa elivulela eHerculaneum, lapho indlu umtapo "Villa Dei Papiri" etholakele.

Ngo 1754, izazi ziye babuyela ekumbeni yasePompeii, nasengxenyeni eseningizimu, lapho odongeni lasendulo futhi izinsalela amathuna amaningana atholakele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo muzi yasePompeii imivubukulo wathatha asebenzayo.

YasePompeii: i umlando okunye komuzi

Namuhla kukhona namanje inkolelo yokuthi ngonyaka ngokufa uPompey - yasungulwa esekelwe encwadini ka uPliny Omncane, nokusolakala ukuthi uchaza kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, uTacitus. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi kungani, kulezi zincwadi, uPliny awukhulumi amagama idolobha lasePompeii noma eHerculaneum, noma yokuthi lokho lapho ayehlala khona umalume uPliny Omdala, owashona ngo-yasePompeii.

Abanye ososayensi ongaphikisa iqiniso lokuthi ukuphahlazeka iphutha 79 BC, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi imithombo ehlukene ongazithola ulwazi mayelana 11 nokuqhuma ezenzeka esikhathini kusuka 202 BC iminyaka 1140 (ngemuva kwesigameko, owabhubhisa yasePompeii). Futhi ukuqhuma elilandelayo sihlehlela kusukela ngonyaka 1631 kuphela, ngemva kwalokho intabamlilo wahlala ekhuthele kuze 1944. Njengoba sibona, amaqiniso abonisa ukuthi le ntaba-mlilo, okuyinto ubelokhu ezama, waselala iminyaka 500.

YasePompeii ezweni lanamuhla

umlando okuthakazelisa kakhulu edolobheni namuhla umlando naseHerculaneum yasePompeii. Izithombe, amavidiyo kanye ezihlukahlukene amathuluzi okucwaninga ingatholakala umtapo noma kuyi-Internet. Kuningi mlando namanje uzama ukuxazulula imfumbe omuzi wasendulo, ukuhlola isiko laso ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izingcweti eziningi, e Umq. H., Futhi K. Bryullov, phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi yakhe kusenzo Escape yasePompeii. Indaba ukuthi 1828 K. Bryullov wavakashela zemivubukulo ngisho ke benza imidwebo. Esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1830 kuya 1833, wadala wobuciko lakhe kwezobuciko.

Namuhla, idolobha libuyiselwe ngangokunokwenzeka, ke ingenye zodumo wezamasiko (kanye Colosseum, noma Venice). City azikakabi igodi ngokugcwele, kodwa izakhiwo eziningi iyatholakala ukuze ihlolwe. Emigwaqweni edolobheni ungahamba futhi ujabulele ubuhle okungukuthi iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2000!