Uyini uMbusi? Okwakushiwo umbusi nokuzimisela kwakhe

Kulesi sihloko sibheka okushiwo igama elithi "umbusi" nenchazelo, ngoba sivame ukusebenzisa leli gama. Futhi lokhu izwi kusho, ambalwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Ababusi bengafani amakhosi? Iziphi izinto ezimenza afaneleke zabo? Zama ukuqonda.

Umbusi lokuqala lwaseRoma

Ngokokuqala ngqá kuyizwi "umbusi" kwahlonzwa eRoma. Ngakho bayiqamba umkhuzi induna yebutho laseRoma. Mayelana ngubani lo mbusi wayazi konke kusuka abasanda ukuba abaphathi yebutho amayunithi ezinkulu. Le ndoda kwadingeka ilungelo angenamkhawulo ukuze anqume ukuthi imiphi kuyoba izenzo kwezikhathi eziyiminyaka nempi enkulu. Yona kanye nencazelo yesibili yegama livela Latin uMbusi "control ', elisho" amandla ophakeme. "

Eyokuqala uMbusi

Eyokuqala ukwazi ukuthi uMbusi, baba ilawulwe ujenene ongumRoma Scipio uAfricanus. Phakathi Second ZabaseCarthage neMpi, lapho kwaba isiko ukunikeza lesi sihloko ngemva kokuqala okukhulu ngaphezu kwesitha. Ekuqaleni, kuphela ukuba isiGele saseRoma kungenzeka ngempela aveze ngubani nombusi lokuqoka yenethiwekhi kwalesi sihloko. Kodwa kamuva ngisho amasosha abavamile babekwazi nimemezele jikelele igama elikhulu yakhe abanjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko "uMbusi" ojenene Roman angase ukhishwa izikhathi eziningana. Khona-ke ifomu elithi yasetshenziselwa Imperator II.

Scipio uAfricanus ngeqholo ezigugile lesi sihloko zokuhlonipha ngoba ahlonishwe ngesikhathi imicimbi yomphakathi esemthethweni futhi iSigele izinkulumo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba umnqobi eCarthage, Scipio ukuphila wayengabhala ukuthi isihloko esilandelayo ukuze igama lakho.

Emperors okukaKesari Octavian

Esikhathini esithile isiko ukuqamba sababusi ojenene wahlala. Ngemva uchungechunge ngokunqoba ukuthi isihloko ngesikhathi esifanayo ungase unikeze ojenene ambalwa. Kancane kancane, umqondo walokho okushiwo kuKesari, ishintshile. Manje, lokhu gama lalisetshenziselwa kusho "benawo amandla ophakeme," kuhlanganise ezempi.

Yuliy Tsezar aba njalo Imperator isihloko, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi wabhala ke ngegama lakhe, kanye nezinye izihloko olusemthethweni. Kodwa umlandeli wakhe, Oktavian Avgust bashintsha ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sihloko. Manje wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uMbusi Awugustu ukubhala isihloko phambi igama lakhe. ekumeni kwakhe kanye eziqoshiwe ngemvume hhayi kuphela njengoba Imperator kuKhesari Divi Julii filius. Manje isihloko zokuhlonipha bombusi nomyali lwaba izihloko kubabusi ophakeme.

Isihloko engumbusi Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma

Iqiniso lokuthi uMbusi enjalo waseByzantium izakhamizi wazile isikhathi eside. Kodwa ngemva ukwahlukanisa okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, abakhileyo esempumalanga elinye igama lajwayeleka. izwi ajwayelekile "umbusi" yahunyushwa ngokuthi "autocrat", okusho ukuthi "ukuba amandla". Autocrat lapha, njengoba eRoma, okuthiwa amakhosi nababusi. Kamuva lesi sihloko zokuhlonipha isidlulile bonke ababusi yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Ngo angashintshiwe ifomu autocrat sawo sasinda enkulungwaneni nengxenye. Ngolimi lwanamuhla, ngakho ushayele indoda wanika amandla angenamkhawulo.

Lapho isihloko koMbusi wanyamalala

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi isihloko esihle kangaka bayophila isikhathi eside. Ngaphansi koMbuso waseRoma, umbusi omusha ngamunye ukuze ungeze isici esisha kulesi sihloko. Ngo uTrajan, isibonelo, kwaba ukuqonda kwami lokho kumbusi. Sathi isihloko Imperator, kwangathi umvuzo wakhe kuphela empini kodwa abazihlelele kuqala, okungukuthi, Princeps.

Kusukela nelesibili AD leminyaka, isihloko sayo ekugcineni waqinisekisa encwadini okubhalwa kuyo umbusi ophakeme ezingeni futhi yasetshenziswa kuze iminyaka 476. Futhi ngesikhathi umbuso uDiocletian nasegameni ngemva kwesikhathi esithile bekulokhu ezimbili ababusi okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, omunye wabo wayebizwa ngokuthi "uKhesari" kanti eyesibili - "Agasti". Ngemva kokubhujiswa okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, inhloko-dolobha wonke ngakhohlwa kuKesari emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka.

UMbusi Ephakathi

Ukuvuselelwa isihloko koMbusi owawunalo ekuqaleni 9th AD leminyaka. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-usadlondlobele okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni Frankish, Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi isihloko WaseRoma beza ngesikhathi umuntu eziphawuleka kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi iYurophu kukaCharlemagne. Lesi sihloko unikwe kuye ummeleli kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni - UPapa Leo III. Ngakho-ke, isihloko "UMbuso WaseRoma", engeza Isiphawulo esithi "engcwele". Ngakho-ke, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi isimo esisha njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma ukhona ngentando futhi ngokuyala kukaNkulunkulu. Ubaba wayezokuya kubhekwe omelele uNkulunkulu emhlabeni ezintweni ezingokomoya, kodwa uMbusi isinqumo imibuzo wokuziphilisa lwesibusiso sikaNkulunkulu.

Lezi abameleli Western Church sina uhluphile ababusi baseByzantium, ngoba bengaba Unelungelo lokugqoka isihloko ngemva kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma. Kodwa uKarl Veliky wayazi ukuthi uMbusi. Incazelo lo mqondo ayikwazanga ngaphezulu ezifaneleke iqhawe lukhuni inqubomgomo ohlakaniphile.

Ngemva noKarla Velikogo uMbusi Otto wathatha umqhele. Ngemva ayenakho isihloko German owazalelwa uMbhishobhi imibuso emincane. Isiko ukuthatha isihloko Emperor of njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma ezandleni uMbhishobhi ongumKhatholika. Wopapa impindiselo lokuxhaphaza umthetho, waphoqa mithi we uthi encane German inselelo nezinye isihloko ngasinye zokuhlonipha. Ukuze isipoki udumo ukubizwa ngokuthi uMbusi yezwe, okuyinto wayengaselona kumephu, alwa wafela abantu kusulwe imingcele, lichitha umuzi. Kodwa ngemuva ukubonakala ibalazwe Europe ithi entsha enamandla isihloko Emperor of njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma ekugcineni saphuthelwa yiwo ukubaluleka kwayo futhi buthule ubunile ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye,

Emperors isimo Russian

Ngekhulu le-18 lo mbusi ukukhunjulwa isimo Russian. Lesi sihloko wathatha tsars Russian e 1721. Isinqumo elihambisana lwamenyezelwa Wezigele kanye esiGungwini emva iSivumelwano Nystad. Isinqumo Tsar uPetru ngacelwa ukuba uthathe isihloko esisha futhi manje esibizwa ngokuthi "Umbusi uBaba Omkhulu we lawobaba." Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we Kwavunyelwana futhi yamukelwa izindikimba ezimbili ezinkulu lokulawula Russian: Umkhandlu Wezigele kubhekwe izindaba zezwe, futhi esiGungwini abathintekayo ecaleni ezingokomoya ekuphileni kwawo. kugcizelelwe Ngakho ukuthi amandla nombusi zezombangazwe ezingokomoya.

Kancane kancane, isihloko esisha wathatha zonke izindlu eyaziwa wobukhosi Europe. Indlela yokuqala ukugubha izikhulu Russian kwaqala ngo Prussia, iNetherlands kanye neSweden. UMbusi Rank ephelezelwa zonke nkosi Russian kwaze kwaba yilapho beshona. abezindaba kwakamuva isihloko Russian imperial bebedutshulwe 1918.

umbusi French

Kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 lalibuswa amakhosi France. Kodwa kuNapoleon mina, lesi sihloko lwalungamukelekile. Vele France lwakubo, ufile phansi inguqula-mbuso, lapho wonke amalungu asebukhosini bagcina ophilayo on the block. Ngakho-ke, ukuba ngokuthi inkosi iqhawe umbusi wezwe wayengekho ezandleni zakhe. Lapha futhi ewusizo isihloko umbusi: ngakho lwekuchumana phakathi umbuso kukaCharlemagne futhi uhulumeni sikaNapoleon. Meyi 18, 1804 ncamashí Napoleon unikwe lesi sihloko okukhulu. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwakhe futhi ekuketulweni umbusi isihloko inkosi yangaphambili France bambamba. Kamuva kafushane wadlulela Napoleon III, kodwa lo mbusi waba umbusi kafushane ngenxa yenani kwezithiyo zezombusazwe. Ngemva kokuthola iqiniso kamongameli republic isihloko ekugcineni awela lingasetshenziswa.

The Emperor-Austria-Hungary

Ngo-1804 kuza omunye umbuso kumephu European. Franz wafuna khulula Italy kusukela uhulumeni waseFrance futhi anqobe yonke eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Habsburg yindlu yobukhosi. kamuva Austria Franz wathatha isihloko "yabaphostoli" Umbusi wadala omunye umbuso --Austria-Hungary.

Lo mbuso British

Kanye le mibuso yezwekazi European khona isikhathi esithile, kanye nabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, e-England waqala ukubiza yena imibuso British kakade 1583, lapho kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni eNyakatho neMelika yaqedwa. Ngisho nangemva kokulahlekelwa ngokushaqisayo amakoloni aseMelika of England akalilahlile usithonye futhi siqhubeke libhekele izinqubomgomo emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1876, iBrithani yayilokhu izidlela nje lezi ezibonakalayo zamaNdiya, koroleva Viktoriya wathola isihloko Empress yeNdiya. Amandla umbuso English ukusakaza emhlabeni wonke - kuthiwa ku WaseBrithani ilanga alishoni.

Kwakukhona imibuso kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nokuthi ubani lo mbusi kwaba eyaziwayo eMexico. Kukhona ezinye imithetho ngenkathi Maximilian I. Kukhona ababusi eHaiti, eBrazil nakwamanye amazwe.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yabhubhisa zonke izisekelo oda emhlabeni ekhona. inqubomgomo Imperial yaphela, futhi ababusi babewabheka kakhulu. Izwe liye lashintsha, ababusi babewabheka kukhona esikhathini esidlule, futhi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nabo kungaba izihloko, izincwadi noma amafilimu ngezihloko zomlando.