Yikuphi iziphuphutheki isikhumbuzo eMoscow Russian? Isikhumbuzo kuya isathelayithi lokuqala

Ngaphambi siyathola ukuthi Russian satellite lesikhumbuzo e Moscow, kuyinto ukuze aqonde ukuthi yini le izindiza. Kubhekwe yokufakelwa satellite Zomhlaba, wadala babe ngumsebenzi wezandla zomuntu (ngokungafani Moon, okuyinto satellite zemvelo) ezihambayo endleleni esime i lesiyingi emhlabeni Earth kanye uzungeza emzileni geostationary. Ukuze umshini wangena ukulokho, kubalulekile ukuthi ijubane lakhe kwaba ngaphezu isikhala kuqala, kodwa esingaphansi isikhala yesibili.

Isikhala Izinga iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa

Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa kumele zishayeka isikhala ngesivinini s ezingaphezu kuka 7.9 amakhilomitha \, ukuze bawe emuva komhlaba, kodwa esingaphansi 11.2 km \ s ukuhambisa endaweni evulekile. Qaphela ukuthi ijubane lokuqala nelesibili cosmic - ezahlukene imizimba ezahlukene yasezulwini. Ngokwesibonelo, yesibili yokuphunyuka Isivinini for the Moon kuphela 2.4 km \ s, njengoba lokhu into esingaphansi iplanethi yethu, futhi ukuze ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu Isivinini edingekayo ukuhlukanisa kuwo esikhaleni evulekile, kufanele sibe ngaphezu ijubane lokukhanya. Mhlawumbe yilesi sizathu esenza izimbobo black akuzona ikhona iziphuphutheki yemvelo, noma yokufakelwa.

Isikhumbuzo kuya satellite lokuqala Umhlaba esungulwe ngonyaka ngemva kwalolu kudivayisi ezitimeleni eMoscow eRiga. Izwe ukuthi ithumele ngowokuqala ezenziwe umuntu mkhathi ku-orbit kwaba eSoviet Union. Ukwethulwa ngokwayo owawuse ekuqaleni Okthoba ngo-1957 kuya eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela Ucwaningo ipholigoni "Ezobuchwepheshe Kukhona", okuyinto wayeyoba cosmodrome "Baikonur". Ilungiselela ngendiza yokuqala kwaba iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi. Wayehola umsebenzi rocket Abaklami eyaziwa unjiniyela Sergei Korolev.

Isikhundla ongokomfanekiso satellite phezu kwetshe lesikhumbuzo

Isikhumbuzo kuya isathelayithi lokuqala sidalwe umakhi futhi umqophi V.Kartsevym S.Kovnerom. Kuyinto imitha nesikhombisa zethusi sibalo indoda egqoke njengoba isisebenzi, oqhubeka esandleni enwetshiwe phezulu ibhola off ke antenna. Yiqiniso, sikhundla we satellite luyingxenye ongokomfanekiso, kusukela ngisho umshini elula, owawungumnyaka isathelayithi lokuqala kungaba isisindo esinzima kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, PS-1, kuboniswe iqembu sculptural, enesisindo esingaba 84 kg babegqoka ama- ezimbili ezincane ngempela (0.58 metres ububanzi). Hemispheres kwaphonswa kusukela ingxubevange aluminium Lananyathiselwa nomunye ezintathu kweshumi imishudo. Afakwe ezimvilophini ngumuntu iraba uphawu elula.

Bangaphezu kuka-1,400 ezungeza emhlabeni

amaantenna amabili ahlelwe phezu satellite, ngamunye ephethe kwamagatsha amabili 2.4 futhi 2.9 amamitha, futhi ososayensi baye bakwazi ukubeka esiliva-zinc uhlelo accumulative (esingamakhilogremu 50 kg), izinga lokushisa izinzwa, nokucindezelwa izinzwa, cabling, umsakazo, i-thermostat, imbobo systems umqondo kanye fan. Isethelayithi ujikeleza iplanethi kumaminithi 96 ne kancane, wenzé kuka 1400 ematfuba washiya emzileni ngoJanuwari 1958. Yilokho Russian satellite lesikhumbuzo eMoscow.

Itshe lesikhumbuzo has a double kwelinye idolobha

Nakuba kuba kunalokho isikhumbuzo nenkathi yamaSoviet, kanye kabili lesikhumbuzo ku endaweni amandla e Rostov-on-Don. Emlandweni Russia yesimanje, le mpumelelo immortalized isikhumbuzo the Queen, labavulekela ngo-2007, ngo-October 4, ngosuku esenzeka ngalo wamashumi omahlanu ka kwethulwa okokuqala yokufakelwa Earth satellite.

Elementi ebaziwe isikhala wavakashela

Yikuphi iziphuphutheki isikhumbuzo eMoscow muva Russian? Ngo-2012, ngaphambi Medico-Biological Agency eziyinkimbinkimbi (Federal) ngibeké isikhumbuzo, okuyinto esekelwe capsule satellite, wavakashela ngqo esikhaleni nge abagibeli engavamile ebhodini. Isikhala nabasebenza sizukulwane wokugcina, ikakhulukazi lalinabashumayeli izinkawu, ngezinye izikhathi "kukhona nezinye izinhlobo izinkampani.

Idivayisi nezilwane esingamathani angaba 6.3

Satellites izinjongo yemvelo (ukuqala izidalwa eziphilayo) aseqalile ukuthuthukisa okb-1 (Kuibyshev Yegatsha) cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba indiza A.Gagarina emkhathini ngasekuqaleni 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. engavamile wabo ukuthi ngemva kokufaka emzileni they nyakazo kwimodi khulula ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ua izinhlelo ukunikeza imiphumela ahlanzekile kakhulu ucwaningo kwezimo abasebenza ngaphansi kwazo weightlessness. Amayunithi sokuqala salolu chungechunge linesisindo esingamathani angu mayelana 6.3, amathani 0.7 kuphela isisindo imishini ngokwayo sibekwe orbit ongaphakeme esebenzisa yenethiwekhi rocket "Soyuz-U". Ngokuvamile "ukuthumela" kwenziwa kusukela Plesetsk. Elilinganiswayo esiphezulu indiza isikhathi kwaba cishe inyanga - lawa kwakungamadodana nezikhathi sokusebenza bezilwane ukweseka izinhlelo, ngemva kwalokho umshini phansi uhlelo parachute ebangeni e Kazakhstan (ngaphansi Kostanay).

Basiza ukuthuthukisa isikhala

umngane Isikhumbuzo kwepulani abanjalo babeka ngengozi. iziphuphutheki nanye kuphela ezaqaliswa phakathi 1973 no-1996, okwakusendlini orbit izinyanga ezinhlanu kuya cishe 19 izinsuku ngemiphumela yocwaningo abahlinzeke idatha olunzulu mayelana ukuziphatha eziphilayo emkhathini. Amavulandlela 1973 kulolu hlobo imishini yobuchwepheshe iye yaba 45 amagundane, kanye kwethulwa uhlelo lwesithathu imzuzele uhlamvu ngamazwe. Futhi ngokuhamba umsebenzi satellite wesine ifakiwe iqiniso ebaluleke kakhulu - isimo sempilo amagundane ezazisemizini isikhala mini-Centrifuge (amandla adonsela phansi yokufakelwa), kwaba ngcono kakhulu kunalokho isimo lonke amagundane ezazisemizini mahhala ukuwa. Ekugcineni kwaba noshintsho imisipha, anda fragility izinyawo. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini samanje ngamazwe isikhala esiteshini abantu amahora ambalwa ngosuku ukuchitha ejimini ukunciphisa imithelela elimazako weightlessness emzimbeni. Futhi konke lokhu Kuye kwatholakala ngenxa namagundane.

Indlela ukukhetha ku "osomkhathi"?

"Bion" - satellite yochungechunge olufanayo amadivaysi, eye kabusha ngaphansi kuqhubeka isimiso somhlangano okhethekile, ekuqaleni ngokuhamba lesithupha. Lapha, i-osomkhathi waqala izinkawu Rhesus, eyayintula ukuphothula ukuklanywa umkhumbi, njengoba izilwane kakhulu emikhulu futhi ngobuchule kuka zilwane odlule. yabanesithakazelo awazange akhethwe wonke Sukhumi lezingane. I osomkhathi wathatha abesilisa abasebasha kuphela, ukukhethwa kwenzeke njalo emva kweminyaka emithathu, ngemva kwalokho iminyaka emibili eziyisithupha zamarandi ekuqeqesheni. Izinkawu babefundiswa ucindezela izinkinobho ezahlukene, ahamba ngebhayisikili futhi iziyisikhombisa, kuncike amasignali ebhodini ukukhanya. Njengoba isisusa, banikela rosehip CONCENTRATE, okuyinto bephuza ngokusebenzisa umlomo wombhobho ekhethekile. Macaques ngamunye zafakwa ahlukene capsule kwangaphakathi benethuba contact ezibukwayo ngamafasitela olukhethekile.

Kusukela isampula abantu amabili, ukuqeqeshwa esidlule ngesikhathi Baikonur wawa macaques isigamu eziyishumi kuphela, okuyinto ngqo kusayithi wakhetha ezimbili bese babela kubo igama alfabhethi. Ngakho, esikhaleni of the wezinkawu eqala ukuvakashela Abrek futhi Bion (1983). Lokhu kuvulwa kwaba esifushane kakhulu, amahora amahlanu kuphela, njengoba omunye macaques bekhululiwe isidladla ngadabula electrode ikhanda, okuyinto ingxenye iye Wawufaka ubuchopho. Isethelayithi lawela ngempumelelo futhi emva umthwalo wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo inkawu osomkhathi lokuqala wayohlala endaweni isithumbanja.

Kwalandela ku-orbit Ngenxa yokuzigqaja nokuqhosha True (1985), bese ruffling Sandman (1987). Lokhu kuvulwa futhi akuphumelelanga kakhulu, njengoba ezihlakazekile ebugqilini zokulawula, ngaphezu, uhlelo yaphuka ukunikezela izakhamzimba ngoba wezinkawu. I-satellite kwadingeka ukuba ubambe ekuseni, futhi ukufika kwakunzima kakhulu, ngoba into wahlala emahlathini nobusika Yakutia. Cishe zonke izazi zezinkanyezi, kuhlanganise namanje namagundane, izimpethu, zintulo, izimpukane ngasinda, hhayi kuphela lucky izinhlanzi guppies. Sandman wathatha ukuba bathuthele yena, Fidel Castro, eqinisekisa kuye impilo enhle nodumo e-Cuba.

Zonke wabuya ziphephile futhi zikahle, kodwa ...

Yini capsule imi lesikhumbuzo owayephila "Bion"? Moscow lithole ingxenye satellite, ababa nesandla ngokuhamba lesine. Ngaphakathi sphere kweqiniso, sizungezwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze wafana amaphiko, ngo-1989 ngendiza isikhala macaque Zhakonya futhi Bully. mikhankaso okwalandela 1992 no-1996, wathatha indawo iqhaza Liyashabalala futhi Ivashov, kanye opopayi futhi Lapicque ngokulandelana. Bonke wabuyela ngokuphila, amakhathuni kuphela yayisivele kumiselwe abantu ukuba bafe emhlabeni ngenxa yesihluku ukuba izinzwa, azenzayo emva indiza ngesikhathi ukuhlinzwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi sengibuyile isikhala Crawshaw waphila iminyaka eminingi, futhi Lapik uhlala isithumbanja e Adler. Bonke nge indiza yabo, kanye 37 nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane bavunyelwe obuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlala komuntu eside emkhathini. Yilokho Russian satellite lesikhumbuzo e Moscow, Volokolamsk Highway, Ukwakha 30, ibhilidi 1.