Mkhathi. Artificial Earth satellite

Mkhathi ngekwehlukahlukana kwalo - kokubili nokuziqhenya nokukhathalela esintwini. yokudalwa kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe enomlando omude wokukhonza ukuthuthukiswa ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe. I-Space Age, ukuvumela abantu abavela ubuka izwe abahlala kulo, yenza ukuba isigaba esisha ukuthuthukiswa. Rocket emkhathini namuhla - akusiwona iphupho, futhi zinakekelwe tisebenti leticeceshiwe letinemakhono kakhulu ababhekene nezinselele ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ekhona. Kulokho izinhlobo zezimoto isikhala ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana futhi ihluke kanjani nomunye, kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni.

definition

Mkhathi - igama abajwayelekile nganoma yisiphi amadivaysi eziklanyelwe isebenze emkhathini. Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona for ngezigaba. Endabeni elula, ukukhulula mkhathi inabasebenzi futhi unmanned. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka, zona selihlukene laba isikhala imikhumbi iziteshi. Ezahlukene amakhono abo futhi izinjongo, bona zifana ngezindlela eziningi isakhiwo kanye nemishini esetshenziswa.

indiza Izici

Noma yimuphi mkhathi ngemuva kokuqala sidlula izinyathelo ezintathu ezinkulu: kokukhipha orbit empeleni flying kokwehla. Isigaba sokuqala sihilela ukuthuthukiswa ijubane apharathasi ezidingekayo ukufinyelela emkhathini. Ukuze uthole ku-orbit, inani layo kufanele kube 7.9 km / s. amandla adonsela phansi Okugcwele unqobe eliwumhlaba kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa yesibili isikhala Isivinini elilingana 11.2 km / s. Yilokho ihamba rocket emkhathini, lapho injongo yayo iwukuhlola ukususa izingxenye isikhala universe.

Ngemva kokudedelwa ukukhangana kufanele kube isinyathelo sesibili. Ngokuhamba ukunyakaza esemkhathini we indiza-mkhathi kwenzeka inertia ngenxa ukusheshisa ibanika. Ekugcineni, esigabeni kokwehla eqala nokuncipha isivinini umkhumbi, satellite noma isiteshi cishe zero.

"Ukugcwalisa"

mkhathi ngamunye ifakwe izindawo ukufanisa imisebenzi kulo ngambiza ukuxazulula. Nokho, umehluko oyinhloko kungenxa okuthiwa imishini target ezidingekayo nje ukuthola idatha kanye nophenyo ehlukahlukene yesayensi. Ezinye izindaba zika-imishini e mkhathi efanayo. Lihlanganisa izinhlelo ezilandelayo:

• ugesi - ngokuvamile ukuhlinzeka mkhathi esibalulekile solar energy noma radioisotope amabhethri, amabhethri zamakhemikhali, Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi;
• Nathi - eyenziwa usebenzisa isignali yomsakazo igagasi, buqamama eningi kusukela Earth kubaluleke ngokukhethekile yilona nokukhomba olunembile antenna;
• Indlela yokuziphilisa - isici simiso mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo, sibonga yakhe, kungenzeka khona abantu ebhodini;
• ukuma - kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye imikhumbi, isikhala ifakwe izindawo ekutholweni njalo isikhundla sayo emkhathini;
• ukunyakaza - izinjini imikhumbi-mkhathi ukuvumela ukushintsha ijubane indiza, kanye isiqondiso sayo.

ngezigaba

Omunye nenqubo main zokwehlukanisa mkhathi izinhlobo - kule modi wokusebenza, ekutholeni amakhono abo. Kulesi sisekelo isehlane amadivayisi:

• ukuhlala endaweni orbit geocentric, noma iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa;
• labo ogama Inhloso ekutadisheni ezikude isikhala iziteshi - othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary;
• esetshenziswa ukuthutha abantu noma izimpahla eziya edingekayo ukuzungeza iplanethi yethu, bebizwa mkhathi, kungenziwa okuzenzakalelayo noma bavimba imigwaqo;
• eyenzelwe abantu ngokuhlala emkhathini isikhathi eside - kuyinto esiteshini esemkhathini ;
• Kuhlanganisani ukulethwa abantu othwala izimpahla emzileni surface iplanethi sika, bebizwa ukuba ehlele;
• ikhono ukuhlola iplanethi, ngokushesha sokuxazulula ku ubuso bayo, bese ukuhambisa kuso - kungcono yemihlaba.

Ake ukugxila ezinye izinhlobo.

Satellites (yokufakelwa iziphuphutheki)

Mkhathi kuqala umkhankaso emkhathini babe iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa. Physics nemithetho yayo benza kususwa noma iliphi idivayisi efanayo phezu inselele orbit. Noma iyiphi idivayisi kufanele unqobe ukukhangana le planethi, bese angawi kuso. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele uhambisa satellite nge ijubane lokuqala cosmic noma kancane ngokushesha. Yonke iplanethi yethu ukukhululwa okunemibandela umkhawulo engezansi kungenzeka ezazixhunywe nge-satellite (sihamba endaweni engamamitha angu-300 km). ukubekwa Eduzane kuzoholela unyathela amabhuleki kudivayisi angabacwasi ngokushesha izimo umkhathi.

Ekuqaleni, kuphela booster angabakhulula ku-orbit iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa. Physics, nokho, awukhulumi yima, izindlela ezintsha isakhiwa namuhla. Ngakho, eyodwa yezindlela evame ukusetshenziswa eminyakeni yamuva - eziqala ibhodi lomunye satellite. It uhlela ukusebenzisa ezinye izinketho.

Umzila wenyanga kumasathalayithi azungeza Earth, angase alale ngaso eziphakeme ezahlukene. Njengoba ungacabanga, lokhu futhi kuncike isikhathi adingekayo eyodwa round. Satellites inkathi ukusakazwa okuyinto izinsuku alinganayo, ezibekwe kule kangaka okuthiwa orbit geostationary. It kubhekwa eyigugu kakhulu, ngoba kumadivayisi phezu kwayo, ngoba obuka eliwumhlaba kubonakale fixed, ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo ukunikeza izindlela antenna ngokushintshana.

AMS (iziteshi othomathikhi interplanetary)

Inani elikhulu of ulwazi mayelana lezinto ahlukahlukene esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ososayensi besebenzisa mkhathi wathumela ngale orbit geocentric. AMC izinto - ukuthi amaplanethi asteroyidi, futhi lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, imithala ngisho etholakalayo ukuyohlolwa. Imisebenzi ukuthi ifakwa phambi zinsizakuphila zidinga ulwazi enkulu futhi umzamo kusuka onjiniyela nabacwaningi. Mission AMC ehlanganiswe intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe futhi kukhona kokubili umfutho walo.

mkhathi bavimba

Imshini waqala ukuthutha abantu injongo ethile bese ubuyela kubo emuva, ngokuya ubuchwepheshe akusho vuma zinhlobo kuchazwe. Libhekisela lolu hlobo "Vostok-1", okwakwenza indiza yayo, Yuri Gagarin.

Umsebenzi nzima kakhulu abadali mkhathi bavimba - ukuphepha crew ngesikhathi ukubuya Earth. Liphinde kuyingxenye ebalulekile kulezi kumadivayisi lihlelo wokutakula eziphuthumayo, okungadingeka ngesikhathi ukususwa umkhumbi emkhathini ngosizo rocket yenethiwekhi.

izimoto Space, njengoba sonke isimiso isikhala, ekuthuthukiseni njalo. Muva nje, abezindaba kungenzeka ngokuvamile ukubona imibiko "Rosetta" Uphenyo umsebenzi kanye mkhathi "Philae". Ihlanganisa yonke impumelelo zakamuva emkhakheni isikhala shipbuilding, kubalwa umshini ukunyakaza nokunye. Landing uphenyo "Fila" inkanyezi enomsila kubhekwe umcimbi ofana noka sasendizeni Gagarin sika. ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi lokhu akukhona ukuphela amathuba isintu. Sisalinde ngoba izinto ezintsha kanye impumelelo ngokwamazinga kokubili ukuhlola isikhala nokwakha izindiza.