Ngama-carbon nanotubes: ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, izakhiwo

Amandla kuyimboni ebalulekile, edlala indima ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu. Isimo zamandla ezweni kuncike umsebenzi ososayensi abaningi embonini. Namuhla, athungatha ehlukile imithombo energy. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, bazimisele ukusebenzisa noma yini, kusukela elangeni namanzi, saqeda ngamandla emoyeni. Imishini ukuthi uyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kusuka imvelo, is kakhulu.

Uhlolojikelele

Ngama-carbon nanotubes - omude iphuma graphite indiza nge shape cylindrical. Ngokuvamile, ukushuba yabo ifinyelela amashumi amaningana nanometer ukuba amasentimitha eziningana eside. Ekupheleni kwe-nanotube yakha ikhanda eyindilinga okuyinto ingenye ingxenye fullerene.

Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ngama-carbon nanotubes: metallic futhi semiconducting. Umehluko omkhulu yilona conductivity zamanje. Uhlobo lokuqala ukuraga zamanje ezingeni lokushisa 0 ° C, kanti eyesibili - kuphela emazingeni okushisa ephakeme.

Ngama-carbon nanotubes: izakhiwo

izitayela eziningi zanamuhla ezifana osetshenziswayo Chemistry noma i-nanotechnology, ixhunyaniswe nanotubes okuyinto abe carbon isakhiwo lwamathambo. Kuyini lokhu? Ngaphansi kwalo isakhiwo libhekisela molecule ezinkulu, okuyinto kuhlobene kuphela ama-athomu carbon. Ngama-carbon nanotubes, okuncike izakhiwo avaliwe igobolondo ifomu, baziswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka idatha bunjwa cylindrical. amashubhu enjalo ingase ibe okulungiselelwe kweqa graphite amashidi, noma akhule kusukela kulethe ethize. Ngama-carbon nanotubes, okuyinto izithombe aboniswa ngezansi, kufanele isakhiwo engavamile. Bona Zihlukahlukene nosayizi: owodwa ungqimba ne-multi-ungqimba, ngqo futhi sinuous. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le nanotubes kuthanda zintekenteke, kukhona impahla eziqine. Ngenxa yalokho, izifundo abaningi baye bathola ukuthi zingabantu izakhiwo esingokwemvelo ezifana eqine namandla flexural. Ngaphansi isenzo ukucindezeleka okunzima mechanical, izakhi ungajahi ungasiphuli, okungukuthi, ungalungisa ukuze voltages ezahlukene.

ubuthi

Ngenxa yalokho kophenyo amaningi, kwatholakala ukuthi ngama-carbon nanotubes kungabangela izinkinga ezifanayo njengoba asbestos endwangwini, isb kokuba ezihlukahlukene izimila ebulalayo kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. I degree of ithonya emibi asbestos lincike ohlotsheni ukushuba imicu zayo. Ngoba ngama-carbon nanotubes abe nesisindo esincane kanye nosayizi, bona kalula ufake umzimba kanye emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwela pleura futhi zifakiwe esifubeni, futhi ekugcineni kubangele ezihlukahlukene izinkinga. Ososayensi inhlolo-vo bese yengezwa ukudla amagundane izinhlayiya nanotubes. Imikhiqizo ka ubukhulu encane cishe akahlalanga umzimba, kodwa emikhulu - embiwe izindonga esiswini futhi zibangele izifo ezihlukahlukene.

izindlela sokulungiselela

Kuze kube manje, kukhona izindlela ezilandelayo ngokukhiqiza ngama-carbon nanotubes icala arc, ablation, sebethule ububi ngentukuthelo.

osenyameni Electric. Ulungiselela (ngama-carbon nanotubes zichazwe lesi sihloko) e-plasma icala zikagesi, elivutha helium. inqubo enjalo ingase kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile lobuchwepheshe ukwenziwa fullerenes. Kodwa ezinye arc izindlela asetshenziswa le ndlela. Ngokwesibonelo, kwabantu kwamanje incipha, kanye cathodes esetshenziswa ugqinsi omkhulu. Ukudala isimo ane-helium kuyadingeka ukukhulisa ingcindezi kwalesi sakhi. Ngama-carbon nanotubes etholwe sishaye. Lelo nani yabo liye landa, kumele ungene kulethe graphite induku. Ezimweni eziningi, ingxube ngamaqembu ahlukene metal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ushintsho ingcindezi futhi indlela sputtering. Ngakho, pellet cathode, futhi lapho nanotubes carbon akhiwa. imikhiqizo Iphele enyuka perpendicularly kusukela cathode futhi babuthelwa izinyanda. Banezinhliziyo ubude 40 microns.

Ablyasatsiya. Le ndlela yasungulwa Richard Smalley. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi ezahlukene ihwamuke graphite ebusweni a ophendulayo, ezisebenza ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Ngama-carbon nanotubes akhiwa ukuhwamuka graphite engxenyeni engezansi ophendulayo. Cooling futhi oyozibutha senzeka esebenzisa surface lwaluyophola. Esimweni sokuqala, inani izakhi ilingana u-60%, bese kule sibalo indlela kunyuke ngo-10%. Izindleko laser indlela absolyatsii kuyabiza ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye. Ngokuvamile, nanotubes owodwa ngabafaka okulungiselelwe ngokushintsha lokushisa ukuphendula.

Sebethule kusuka esigabeni igesi. carbon umusi sebethule indlela yasungulwa in the 50s sekwephuzile. Kodwa akekho eyayingalindelwe ukuthi esebenzisa kungenzeka ukuthola ngama-carbon nanotubes. Ngakho, okokuqala kudingeka alungiselele kobuso kulethe. Njengoba kungase kube izinhlayiya emihle ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, isib, ayibe, nickel nabanye. Nanotubes, sekuqala ukuvela kusukela ungqimba kulethe. ukujiya yabo incike ubukhulu catalyzing metal. Kwamanzi sishisiswe lokushisa eliphezulu, bese kukhona supply of gas equkethe carbon. Phakathi kwabo, - .., methane, atsetelen, ethanol, njll Ngenxa eminye inqubo gas ammonia. Le ndlela ukukhiqizwa iyona nanotubes ezivamile. Inqubo ngokwaso kwenzeka amabhizinisi yezimboni eyahlukene, ukuze imali engaphansi ichithwa ukwenziwa inqwaba amashubhu. Enye inzuzo yokuhamba kwesikebhe le ndlela wukuthi kungenzeka amalungu mpo ezitholakale kunoma yimuphi izinhlayiya metal benzela ekwandeni. Ulungiselela (ngama-carbon nanotubes bachazwa nxazonke) wenza Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ucwaninge Suomi Iijima, ababebona ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu nokuhlanzeka kwangaphandle nokuziphatha kwabo ngenxa synthesis carbon.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu

izakhi Carbon ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka inani izingqimba. Indlela elula uhlobo - olulodwa-ngodonga ngama-carbon nanotubes. Ngamunye wabo has a ukushuba 1 NM, futhi ubude bawo bangase babe okukhulu. Uma sicabangela isakhiwo, umkhiqizo libukeka graphite ukugoqa usebenzisa igridi olunezinhlangothi. Ngo vertices zayo elise carbons. Ngakho, tube has simise cylindrical, esingeyena ezivuzayo. Ingxenye engenhla uvala zamabhodlela amadivayisi ehlanganisa fullerene molecule.

buka Landelayo - multiwall ngama-carbon nanotubes. Zakhiwa izingqimba eziningana graphite ukuthi zibekwa ngendlela esime isilinda. I therebetween ibanga inakekelwa at 0,34 NM. Isakhiwo lolu hlobo bachazwa usebenzisa izindlela ezimbili. On the lokuqala, multi-tube - ambalwa ahlanganisiwe olulodwa-odongeni ipayipi ukuthi libukeka unodoli Russian. Encwadini yesibili, nanotubes multi-ngodonga kukhona ishidi graphite okuyinto zihambisana izikhathi eziningana nxazonke ngokwayo, okuyinto efana iphephandaba eligoqiwe.

Ngama-carbon nanotubes: izicelo

Izinto brand ilungu elisha ekilasini nanomaterial. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, banayo isakhiwo isidumbu okuyinto ihlukile izindawo graphite noma idayimane. Ngakho wasebenzisa kakhulu ukudlula ezinye izinto.

Ngenxa izici ezifana namandla eqine, amandla flexural, conductivity, asetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi:

• njengoba izithasiselo polymers;
• kulethe amadivayisi ukukhanyisa, kanye flat panel ekhombisa handsets ku ezokuxhumana amanethiwekhi;
• njengoba absorber amagagasi kagesi;
• Amandla ukuguqulwa;
• anodes e izinhlobo ezahlukene ibhethri;
• Isitoreji hydrogen;
• esikhiqiza izinzwa capacitors;
• inhlanganisela ukukhiqizwa futhi yokukhulisa isakhiwo zabo nezindawo.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, ngama-carbon nanotubes, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto akugcini a umkhakha othize, elisetshenziswa ucwaningo lwesayensi. Okubalulekile okunjalo unesikhundla ababuthakathaka emakethe, njengoba kukhona izinkinga kanye ukukhiqizwa emikhulu. Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi kuyizindleko eliphezulu ngama-carbon nanotubes, okuyinto amadola angaba ngu-120 ngamunye igremu we ketshezi.

Asetshenziswa njengezitolo liyisici esiyisisekelo ukwenziwa zezinhlanganisela eziningi, ezisetshenziswa ngokwenza izinto eziningi zemidlalo. Omunye umkhakha -avtomobilestroenie. Functionalization ka ngama-carbon nanotubes ubuciko kuyehla kube endow polymers izakhiwo conductive.

Coefficient ka conductivity ezishisayo of nanotubes siphakeme ngokwanele, ngakho ingasetshenziswa njengendlela idivayisi ukupholisa imishini ehlukahlukene okukhulu. Futhi baye benza namakepisi Banamathele amapayipi uphenyo.

Izinhlelo legatsha ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer. nanotubes Ngenxa zihlabeke flat-panel display. Ngosizo kubo, ungakwazi kakhulu ukunciphisa ubukhulu ikhompyutha, kanye ukwandisa ukusebenza yayo lobuchwepheshe. imishini Ready kuyoba izikhathi eziningana mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ubuchwepheshe bamanje. Ngesisekelo yalezizifundo, ungakha ephezulu kinescopes.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amashubhu ngeke isetshenziselwe kuphela electronics, kodwa futhi impilo namandla imikhakha.

ukukhiqizwa

Carbon amashubhu, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma elithengiswa phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili izinhlobo kubo, ngokulinganayo basakaza. Okungukuthi, MWNT ukukhiqiza kakhulu ukwedlula SWNT. Eyesibili uhlobo do esimweni esiphuthumayo. amafemu abahlukahlukene ngokuqhubekayo ukukhiqiza ngama-carbon nanotubes. Kodwa funa they cishe ungayisebenzisi, ngoba abiza kakhulu.

ukukhiqizwa abaholi

Njengamanje, isikhundla okuholela ukukhiqizwa ngama-carbon nanotubes matasa amazwe ase-Asia, umthamo production okuyinto izikhathi ephakeme kunaleyo 3 ephakeme kunaleyo kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu futhi Melika. Ikakhulu, i-ukukhiqizwa MWNT waziphatha Japan. Kodwa kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Korea China, ayizange ingenelwe kule inkomba.

Ukukhiqizwa eRussia

ukukhiqizwa ezifuywayo ngama-carbon nanotubes ikude ngemuva kwamanye amazwe. Empeleni, konke kuncike izinga locwaningo kule ndawo. Akukho labelwe inemali eyanele sokuthuthukiswa isayensi nobuchwepheshe izikhungo ezweni. Abantu abaningi cha perceive ukuthuthukiswa nanotechnology, ngoba angazi ukuthi ingasetshenziswa embonini. Ngakho-ke, sithola ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso entsha iphelela umnotho umzila kunzima ngempela.

Ngakho-ke, umongameli Russian wakhipha isimemezelo, lobeka nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezehlukene nanotechnology, kuhlanganise izakhi-carbon. Ngenxa yale njongo, isimiso esikhethekile ukuthuthukiswa sidalwe okwenza zabo ubuchwepheshe. Inkampani "Nanotechnologies" yadalwa ukuze wonke amaphuzu oda benziwa ,. kusebenta kwato labelwa okunqala kusukela isabelomali isimo. It wayengadlali ubani okufanele ukulawula design, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuqaliswa izicelo yezimboni ngama-carbon nanotubes. Imali ebekelwe ukuchitha on ukuthuthukisa nezikhungo ezahlukene ucwaningo kanye laboratories, kanye ukusiza ukuqinisa impumelelo ekhona lososayensi yasekhaya. Futhi, uzobe lezi zimali esetshenziselwa ukuthengwa okusezingeni eliphezulu imishini izinga ukwenziwa ngama-carbon nanotubes. Kufanele futhi banakekele labo amadivayisi uyobavikela nempilo yabantu, kusukela impahla kubangela ezihlukahlukene nezifo.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, wonke Inkinga iba ukhulisa izimali. zimali Iningi ungafuni ukutshala ucwaningo nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi isikhathi eside. Wonke amabhizinisi bafuna ukubona inzuzo, kodwa Nano-angaya iminyaka. Yilokho odlulela abameleli amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle utshalomali esesidlangalaleni ngeke iqalise ngokugcwele ukukhiqizwa nanomaterial. Enye inkinga yokuntuleka nesisekelo esingokomthetho, njengoba kungekho phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokukhula ibhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ukwenziwa kwe-carbon nanotube eRussia, okuyinto ayifunwanga, zidinga hhayi kuphela zezimali, kodwa futhi lekusisa engqondo. Ngenkathi Russian Federation ikude amazwe ase-Asia eziholela ekuthuthukisweni nanotechnology.

Kuze kube manje, intuthuko umkhakha wahlanganyela iminyango amakhemikhali inguqulo eyasetshenziswa emayunivesithi ahlukahlukene eMoscow, Tambov, Petersburg, Novosibirsk neKazan. Abenzi ehamba phambili ngama-carbon nanotubes kukhona ngokuqinile "Garnet" futhi Tambov isitshalo "Komsomolets".

ngezici ezinhle nezimbi

Phakathi izinzuzo singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo olukhethekile ngama-carbon nanotubes. Bayisibonelo impahla okuhlala, okuyinto ngaphansi kwethonya ukucindezeleka mechanical lingabulewe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenza kahle eguqa futhi ngilulekela. Lokhu Lwenziwe ngenxa isakhiwo avaliwe uzimele. Ukusebenzisa kwabo akugcini omunye wemboni. I amashubhu ziye zasetshenziswa yezimoto, electronics, imithi kanye namandla.

ethile Huge iyona nomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu. Izinhlayiyana nanotubes engena emzimbeni womuntu, zisenza sibe izimila ebulalayo umdlavuza.

Liwumgogodla iyona imali ngaphansi kwalomkhakha. Abantu abaningi ungafuni ukutshala isayensi, njengoba udinga isikhathi esiningi ukuze uthole inzuzo. Futhi ngaphandle ukusebenza laboratories zocwaningo akukwazi ukuthuthukiswa nanotechnology.

isiphetho

Ngama-carbon nanotubes ukudlala indima ekulu ubuchwepheshe ezintsha. Ochwepheshe abaningi ukubikezela ukukhula kwale mboni eminyakeni ezayo. Kuyoba khona nokwanda okuphawulekayo umthamo production, okuyinto kuzonciphisa izindleko izimpahla. Nge ukwehla kwamanani, tube kuzoba nesidingo esikhulu, futhi ziyoba yinto impahla Irreplaceable amadivayisi eziningi kanye nemishini.

Ngakho, lapho sathola khona ukuthi ziyini mikhiqizo.