Yini efunda ngesayensi zezombusazwe? Isayensi yomphakathi Political

Studies in inkambu imikhakha eyahlukene ukuthi ukugxila nokusebenzisa izindlela nezindlela ulwazi beqhuba kwesu isimo, ukuqhuba wezifundo zezombusazwe. Ngakho, izisebenzi ukulungele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zokuphila isimo. isayensi Political lokwelekelela isetshenziswa engqondweni, njengoba kuqhathaniswa isayensi elithi "ubumsulwa". Ibhanga izinkinga kulesi sithombe ubanzi kakhulu, ngakho kungase kube eseduze zezombusazwe ngokuphelele ukuthi isiphi isiyalo, hhayi i-social science kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokomzimba, begazi, zezibalo, lwezenhlalo.

Iningi eduze nabo indlela esetshenziswa wezifundo zezombusazwe kukhona wezifundo zezombusazwe, kwabantu, ukuphathwa, umthetho, ukuphatha umkhandlu kamasipala nomphakathi, umlando. Ulwazi ngezindlela waboleka ngokuvamile kusukela izindawo umngcele eyala ezifana imisebenzi ucwaningo, izinhlelo ukuhlaziywa, cybernetics, jikelele izinhlelo theory, imfundiso yokuziphendukela imidlalo, nokunye. Konke lokhu kuba into cwaningo, uma isiza ukuthola ikhambi ezindabeni ezibalulekile zesizwe, nokuthi yiziphi bekwi wezifundo zezombusazwe.

Emikhawulweni futhi izindlela

Izifundo baqondiswa ngendlela ezifana ukucacisa nezinhloso, ukuhlola izindlela, ukukhomba Amathrendi futhi sihlaziye isimo, bese ukuthuthukisa isinqumo esithile Inqubomgomo izinkinga isimo. Kube akusho badinge ukuxoxa ngothandekayo amanani ayisisekelo, sidinga umbono Empeleni kumele sibukwe, futhi lokhu iphatha wezifundo zezombusazwe. Ukuthuthukiswa wezifundo zezombusazwe ishesha uma nabameleli bayo siqu ehilelekile ukukhethwa bamatshe, ukuxoxa nokufaneleka noma unsuitability izimali aliveza izinqumo futhi kwenzeke ngenxa izindlela.

Iningi izinhlelo yesimanje nomlando wezepolitiki ngempela buyisela futhi kuhoxiswe yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu "oshayelayo" ochwepheshe highbrow abanikela lwati nemakhono abo we Onjiniyela kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni. Kodwa ngempela isayensi, ehlelekile multidisciplinary yokusondela ukusebenza kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi wazakhela akunjalo kudala. Ukwakhiwa othile wezifundo zezombusazwe ayiqalanga ngaphambi kuka-1951, lapho igama elithi livele wezifo American futhi, kamuva, lo isazi sesayensi yezombangazwe uHarold Lasswell. Kuyinto kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye ngenjongo neqhaza ngamunye ososayensi ongoti wezifundo zezombusazwe e lonke isakhiwo ukuqinisekisa inchubomgomo yesive. Nokubambisana imikhakha eyahlukene siyasebenza ngempela.

Ukuhlinzekwa inqubomgomo isayensi

Yini efunda ngesayensi zezombusazwe? Ziyaphenya konke, kuye ngokuthi isimo. Lokhu kubonakala kahle kakhulu efanekiselwa iqhaza ekwakhiweni amasu izifundo ezifana ukuhlaziywa uhlelo, okuyinto umatasatasa neqhinga lokubhekelela ukuthi kuqala, bese uHlelo ke nokuxhasa yiluphi uhlelo oluthile kuhulumeni. Imingcele phakathi eyala kuthiwa anyakaza zonke namandla, futhi sina Inqubomgomo bethemba ukuthi ngokushesha uzoshabalala ngokuphelele. Lokhu inkambo imicimbi libhekene yokuthi uhlelo lwezombusazwe oludidiyelwe isicelo ezihlukahlukene ulwazi lwesayensi. Mhlawumbe baqinisile, nokuthi wafundiswa wezifundo zezombusazwe, uzokwenza supradistsiplinoy yabo.

thina Lapha kumele wazi ukuthi lokhu akukona wezifundo zezombusazwe ngokwayo (okungukuthi, isayensi kakhulu kwezombangazwe), - kungenzeka ukuthi Ngokwenguqulo isihloko - ukusekelwa yesayensi isu isimo. Igama elithi ongene ukusetshenziswa - isicelo wezifundo zezombusazwe, uhlobo sikhungo othile wezifundo zezombusazwe ekubhekaneni imithetho okuvela imihlola ehlukahlukene enkulukazi umshini isimo. Lobu buhlobo futhi izinqubo ezihlobene nokuphila wezwe. Osetshenziswayo Political Science futhi umatasa okwatholakala izindlela futhi izinhlobo ukusebenza, intuthuko nokulawula izindlela emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, kudinga ukunakekelwa ukwazi zezombusazwe namasiko.

Mhlawumbe hhayi endaweni lapho wangakuthola ukusetshenziswa othile wezifundo zezombusazwe. Ukuthuthukiswa wezifundo zezombusazwe asikwazi ukumiswa, ngoba ihlanganisa cishe wonke umsebenzi womuntu. isayensi yezombangazwe ngokuthi isayensi okumsulwa uyafundelwa isimo yangempela yokuphila zombusazwe zithi, kodwa isicelo kuhloswe cwaningo kanye ulwazi emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, kanye ukudlulisa ukuba nohlu yasakazwa kabanzi abantu kungenzeka.

Izinto nezikhonzi

Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezingokoqobo inhloso, okuyinto ozimele isihloko engazi, futhi etadisha isifundo, okungukuthi, ezinye izakhiwo, izinga, emaphethelweni into wafunda. Isihloko njalo abakhethiwe maqondana emigomweni uphenyo oluthile, futhi into - kuba ngokoqobo ukuthi akekho incike lutho. Into kungenziwa kucwaningwe kakhulu ngendlela wesayensi eziningi.

ekilasini Komphakathi, isibonelo, wafunda kwengqondo kwabantu, futhi wezifundo zezombusazwe, futhi etnology, ngisho nabaningana wesayensi ezahlukene. Nokho, ngamunye wabo kule luhlobo has izindlela zayo futhi kuncike ayo zokutadisha. Bamafilosofi isayensi Abalweli Bokholo zokucabangela nocabangisisako, iveze isigaba sezenhlalo izinkinga ukukhuthazela ezinhluphekweni zona lezi yisidalwa esingumuntu, izazi-mlando kuzosiza ukwenza kwezikhathi izenzakalo isigaba sezenhlalo, zezomnotho efanayo umsuka nobuntu isayensi izici zale ngxenye umphakathi. Ngakho wezifundo zezombusazwe yesimanje uthola ukubaluleka kwawo kwangempela emphilweni isimo.

Kodwa abahlaziyi bezombusazwe basafunda esihlokweni esifanayo konke lihlotshaniswa igama elithi "ezombusazwe" empilweni zabantu. Lokhu isakhiwo sepolitiki, izikhungo, izimo zengqondo, izici zobuntu, ukuziphatha, njalonjalo (lide). Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi into ezofundwa ososayensi zezombusazwe - zezombusazwe sphere emphakathini, njengoba umcwaningi ngeke ukwazi ukuyishintsha. Political izifundo Ucwaningo abakwazi kuphela ukuba abahlukile, kodwa ngezinga cwaningo kanye nokugqugquzela kungenzeka obathuthuka (nakuba zikhona izibonelo okuphambene, uma umphumela wayencike kakhulu kwi isici womuntu futhi imigomo ayebekelwe kahle maqondana nezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe, kodwa ine omhlaba isayensi -political, ngezansi nje-ke).

Indlela nesiqondiso

Osetshenziswayo Political Science - isayensi-ocebile, ezincane ezisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezindaweni zocwaningo nezindlela ngokuvumelana izinto ekhangwa eyala. Ngokutadisha izigaba ezithile othile wezifundo zezombusazwe, isintu uzuza amandla phakathi izenzakalo ezingokomlando emphakathini, kunezela arsenal of izindlela eziphumelelayo ithonya, ezuza izindlela ocwaningo oluthile. Yezindawo eziyinhloko zocwaningo - izinhlangano zezombusazwe, futhi yisimo namandla ilungelo, amaqembu ehlukene, ukunyakaza social, okungukuthi, zonke izinhlobo izinhlangano zezombusazwe esisemthethweni noma cha. Yini okumelwe aqondwe leli gama? Kuyinto omunye endaweni inqubomgomo nge iqoqo imithetho emisiwe nendlela imithetho, izimiso kanye namasiko, kanye ubudlelwano kungenziwa ngandlela-thile ezilawulwayo.

Indlela Yokwenza of Political Science sizoxoxa, isibonelo, owamisa likaMengameli ne ukhetho imithetho yayo yenqubo, imikhawulo yobuchwepheshe, kusho nokususwa esikhundleni, nokunye. Esinye isici esibalulekile isifundo imihlola zezombusazwe futhi izinqubo, okuyinto uhlola imithetho umgomo ezikhonjwe, ihlaziye amaphethini ukuthuthukiswa lonke uhlelo emphakathini, basungula amasu ezombusazwe ngokoqobo kuzo kule ndawo. Le ndawo yesithathu ihlola ukwazi zezombusazwe, kwengqondo imibono yabantu, isiko, ukuziphatha, ugqozi, izindlela zokuxhumana kanye namasu ukuphathwa zonke lezi zenzakalo.

Umlando Isayensi Yezepolotiki

Okokuqala kwakuthiwa kuvame ulwazi ngezombusazwe wazama eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ngesisekelo lolu cwaningo wakhonza njengephayona imibono ikakhulukazi zokucabangela zefilosofi zokuziphatha. Bamafilosofi kulesi siqondiso, Aristotle uPlato babenesithakazelo ngokuyinhloko hhayi isimo sangempela, kodwa ephelele, indlela lapho kufanele ibe izinkulumo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, imibono yenkolo Western babe evelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho ziye a ohambelana eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zezombusazwe ekuchazeni, ngoba noma imuphi umcabango, okufaka eyabangani bemvelo zezombusazwe, ubengase ukuthuthukisa ezindaweni Paradigm zenkolo. Imikhakha othile wezifundo zezombusazwe ongakabi kwakhiwa izimfanelo ngoba lokhu kuzoba isikhathi eside kakhulu.

ukubukwa Political babephathwa njengoba ingenye yezindawo eziningi zemfundiso yenkolo, okuyinto igunya eliphakeme - Nkulunkulu. umqondo Civic uvele umcabango zezombusazwe zalo ukubonwa ngekhulu nesikhombisa, okuyinto wanikela ituthuko ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa izindlela ezimele ngempela yokutadisha izinqubo bezepolitiki. Ekuqhubeni Lakho, Locke, Burke kwaba yisisekelo indlela izikhungo, ngakho kabanzi wezifundo zezombusazwe yesimanje osetshenziswayo, nakuba okwamanje athuthukile uqobo wezifundo zezombusazwe. Lo mqondo wathatha ijamo kuphela kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Noma kunjalo, ngo yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kuba ekutadisheni izinhlangano zezombusazwe yi izingqondo best umsebenzi wabo. Kodwa le ndlela kuyinto isidingo uhlole ngokuningiliziwe.

indlela zezikhungo

Le ndlela, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ungakwazi ukuhlola izikhungo izinhlangano zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene: isimo, izinhlangano, amaqembu, ukunyakaza, izinhlelo zokhetho, nezinye zokulawula abaningi izinqubo emphakathini. Izigaba Political Science sokugcwaliseka kwaso kancane kancane kungenzeka ukuqhubeka nezifundo womsebenzi zangaphandle ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso futhi inqubo umgomo ngamazwe. Institutionalization ngokuthi kusakaza, Standardization kanye semthethweni nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana emkhakheni ekuhloleni umsebenzi womuntu. Ngakho, esebenzisa le ndlela kucatshangwa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu umphakathi ukuqaphela semthethweni isikhungo komphakathi okufana, nokuthi kube semthethweni wezomthetho ubudlelwane kanye nokusungulwa imithetho ezivamile kuya emphakathini wonke ebusa yonke yokuphila yomphakathi, sikwazi ukunikeza ukuziphatha nalehleliwe zonke bemidlalo ukuxhumana nomphakathi.

Le ndlela futhi ushukumisela inqubo institutionalization. Osetshenziswayo Political Science ngale ndlela uhlola izinhlangano zezombusazwe komthetho labo elisemthethweni, semthethweni zomphakathi kanye ukusebenzelana. Lapha kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi umqondo welithi nekuhlelwa kwetikhungo kubalulekile ekukhuleni komphakathi. Nanoma yikuphi ukwephulwa babé kwezinkambiso yesikhungo wesiko, kanye kwathatha imithetho entsha umdlalo ngaphandle esiphoqayo ukulungisiswa kuholela ezingxabanweni zezenhlalo of kobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Ekusebenziseni indlela yocwaningo yesikhungo emkhakheni wezepolitiki kuyabonakala njengoba uhlelo oluphelele tikhungo tetenhlalo ukuthi babe isakhiwo yabo kanye nemithetho wokusebenza.

amasu lwezenhlalo, anthropological nezingokwengqondo

Thola izenzakalo conditioning yezenhlalakahle ngokuthi ukuba lwezenhlalo indlela ucwaningo. It ivumela ukuthola kangcono ubunjalo amandla okunquma amasu ayo njengoba ukuxhumana kwemiphakathi omkhulu emphakathini. Osetshenziswayo Political Science ihlanganisa le njongo, ezihlukahlukene wezifundo zezombusazwe yezenhlalakahle abenza ukuqoqwa kanye nokuhlaziywa amaqiniso angempela, okungukuthi, leyinye ethize. walala Ngakho isisekelo sokuba consultant zezombusazwe, igxile ukusetshenziswa Imiphumela umkhuba ekwakheni izinhlelo ukuqhubeka lapho sihlolwa uMhloli Omkhulu ahileleke kwezombangazwe.

indlela Anthropological wokuhlaziywa izenzakalo zezombusazwe, uma sicabanga kuphela uhlobo collectivist yomuntu. Ngokusho Aristotle, umuntu ngeke akwazi uhlala wedwa, ngaphandle, ngoba uyisidalwa zezombusazwe. Nokho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa esingakanani udinga ngcono inhlangano yomphakathi, ukufinyelela esigabeni lapho sizokwazi ukuthuthela inhlangano ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi, lapho abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi ngizama ukuzihlukanisa.

Motivation nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ucabangela umcwaningi osebenzisa ngokwengqondo indlela ucwaningo. Ngenxa isiyalo yesayensi, le ndlela Nokho eladabuka yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ibeka isisekelo imibono yakhe bakaConfucius, uSeneca, u-Aristotle, futhi kusekelwa yongqondongqondo basendulo, ososayensi ezikhathini zanamuhla - Rousseau, Hobbes, Machiavelli. Lapha, isixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu - psychoanalysis, akhiwa Freud esibheka izinqubo equlekile ezingaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni komuntu, kuhlanganise zezombusazwe.

indlela yokuqhathanisa

Ukungqubuzana noma indlela yokuqhathanisa wafika namuhla kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okuningi Aristotle uPlato kuqhathaniswa imibuso ehlukene ezepolitiki kunquma amafomu okulungile nokungalungile ka wekuba sive, bese yakhelwe, ngokombono wabo, indlela ekahle ilungiselelo emhlabeni jikelele. Manje indlela yokuqhathanisa kabanzi lisetshenziswe wezifundo zezombusazwe osetshenziswayo, ngisho esekhulile igatsha ahlukene - ezombusazwe ukuqhathanisa - futhi baba uhlaka othile wezifundo zezombusazwe impela endaweni ehlukile.

Ingqikithi le ndlela uqhathanisa asho into ehlukile futhi ezifanayo - imibuso, ukunyakaza, amaqembu, izinhlangano zezombusazwe noma izinqumo zabo, izindlela zokuthuthukiswa nokunye. Ngakho ungakwazi kalula ukuhlonza ethile kanye jikelele zonke amasayithi cwaningo futhi ngomqondo ovulekile ukuhlola ngokoqobo futhi ukukhomba amaphethini, futhi ngenxa yalokho - ukuthola izixazululo elilungile kakhulu izinkinga. Ngemva kokuhlaziya, isibonelo, amazwe ezingamakhulu amabili ahlukene futhi abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka izici alandisa, uma uziqhathanisa naye ukhethe zonke izici ezifanayo kanye ezahlukene tipologiziruyutsya izenzakalo ezifanayo, ukuhlonza izindlela kungenzeka. Futhi singasebenzisa isipiliyoni nezinye izifundazwe ngokuhlakulela bebodwa. Ukuqhathanisa - indlela engcono kokuzuza ulwazi.

Behaviorism Isayensi Yezepolotiki

indlela Behavioristic Kusekelwe kokuma luyingxenye enokwehla. Sifundza indlela yokuziphatha emphakathini yomuntu kanye namaqembu. Isebenzisa lokhu kuze kuqala lapho sitadisha izici ngamunye. Lokho, wesayensi zombusazwe zomphakathi azisetshenziswa kulezi izifundo. Le ndlela iye yabhekwa futhi wafundelwa ukuziphatha ukuvota abavoti, kanye ngosizo umkhankaso nobuchwepheshe athuthukiswe. Nge zonke ukuthi umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni izindlela enokwehla zocwaningo behaviorism wenza abalulekile, kodwa futhi ukuze ukuthuthukiswa othile wezifundo zezombusazwe osetshenziswayo, endaweni yesicelo le ndlela ephansi.

I ethile eyinhloko behaviorism ngoba kunikeza igunya ekutadisheni ngazinye, ohlukanise uhlaka nethonya lomphakathi, amaqembu atomized noma abantu. Le ndlela akusho acabangele masiko zomlando noma izimiso zokuziphatha. Konke-ke - rationality nje elingenalutho. Hhayi ukuthi le ndlela kwaba kubi. Akayena jikelele. Melika kufanelekile. Futhi eRussia, isibonelo, asipheli. Uma umphakathi engalali izimpande yemvelo, kusukela owakhula nomlando wayo, kuwo ngamunye - efana athomu, uyazi izingqinamba zangaphandle eyodwa kuphela, ngoba ukuzizwa ngicindezeleka nezinye ama-athomu. ukulinganiselwa esivela umuntu onjalo, cha, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi akayikhokhi burdened nga ngalindelekile masiko noma izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Lona umdlali khulula kanye umgomo ayenakho eyodwa - ukushaya amanye.

Kafushane mayelana eziningi

ukuhlaziywa System, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu wezifundo zezombusazwe osetshenziswayo, yasungulwa imibhalo kaPlato no-Aristotle, baqhubeka Marks futhi Spencer futhi siphothulwe Easton futhi Almond. Lena enye behaviorism, ngokuqondene sphere zezombusazwe lonke njengoba uhlelo ebalulekile self eziqondisayo, esemgwaqweni imvelo yangaphandle futhi ngenkuthalo baxhumana ke. Ukusebenzisa evamile kuzo zonke izinhlelo ithiyori, ukuhlaziywa uhlelo kusiza lula ukunikezelwa kwama-sphere zezombusazwe, ahlele imicimbi kwehlukahlukana, ukwakha umfuziselo senzo. Khona-ke into ngaphansi cwaningo luvele obumbeneko kabani izakhiwo neze isamba izakhiwo izakhi zayo ngazinye.

indlela Synergetic kuqhathaniswa entsha futhi lisuselwa ngesayensi yemvelo. Ingqikithi Its ukuthi izakhiwo, ukulahlekelwa ngokuhleleka lapho zamakhemikhali izinqubo zemvelo ungakwazi self-ukuhlela. Lena kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokungenzeleli nangesihe ingxenye enkulu isicelo wezifundo zezombusazwe, okuvumela ukuba bahlole hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi izimbangela kanye izinhlobo ndaba, kodwa futhi ukuthola incazelo entsha izinqubo zomlando emikhakheni zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, zezombangazwe kanye nezinye yizenzo zabantu.

Sociology ngokubambisana wezifundo zezombusazwe wabeletha theory lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi isinyathelo somphakathi. Ngaphambili, wabona emphakathini njengesakhamuzi esihlelekile ngobunye, kodwa kwezimboni nangemuva kwezimboni, futhi kamuva wakha isimo lapho abanye ukunyakaza social ukwenza umlando yabo, ukudala izinkambu inkinga nokuhlela tembangave. Uma ngaphambili kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ngilidlulisele ubulungiswa ethempelini noma esigodlweni, izimo samanje ngeke kusize. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo yokungafi engcwele zicishe zakhubeka. Endaweni yabo, zezimpi eliyisisekelo sikhule esikhundleni ukuthula nobulungisa ophakeme. Izifundo lezi ezingxabanweni zezombusazwe manje beba hhayi wangaphandle, hhai amakilasi, nokunyakaza kwezenhlalo.

wezifundo zezombusazwe theory ethuthuka izindlela ezivamile lapho kutadishwa sphere zezombusazwe yomphakathi. Nokho, zonke izinkolelo-mbono ngandlela-thile njalo sigxile imisebenti leyentiwako futhi bayakwazi ezimweni eziningi ukuzixazulula. Osetshenziswayo Political Science uhlola isimo ngasinye elithile lezombusazwe, ithola ulwazi olufanele, ukuthuthukisa izibikezelo zezombusazwe, linikeza iseluleko esisebenzayo kanye nezincomo ukubhekana abasafufusa izinkinga kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Yakhelwe le nhloso futhi zindlela ezingenhla ucwaningo zezombusazwe basetshenziswe. isayensi osetshenziswayo zezombusazwe akamane nje uchaze isimiso sezombusazwe, izenzakalo futhi ubudlelwano, ezama ukuhlonza amaphethini, izitayela, ihlaziya ukuthuthukiswa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana futhi ukusebenza izinhlangano zezombusazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasekela ukunakwa isifundo esiphathelene izici eziyisisekelo zale into, isisusa amabutho izindaba zezombangazwe izimiso lapho lo msebenzi kusekelwe.