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Formula cellulose. izakhiwo Chemical ngokomzimba. Ukulungiselela, isicelo

Jwayela izinto zangamalanga kithi, okuyizinto ikuyo yonke indawo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, kuyoba akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa organic imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ucwaningo chemical Anselm Paya, ngenxa okuyinto wakwazi ukuthola bewuhlathulule 1838 a polysaccharide okuyinto lithole siqu igama "cellulose" (lisuselwa cellulose French kanye cellula Latin, elisho "cell closet"), lokhu impahla into ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa izinto ezibalulekile kakhulu.

Ulwazi olwandile ka uginindela kuye kwaholela ezihlukahlukene izinto, senziwa ngesisekelo yayo. Leli phephandaba amamaki ahlukahlukene, paperboard, izingxenye plastic futhi nezindwangu zokwenziwa (acetate, i-viscose rayon, ithusi-ammonia), polymer amafilimu, enamels futhi varnishes, insipho nomjuluko ukudla okufakiwe (E460) ngisho powder ongenantuthu imikhicito nokukhiqizwa nokuqhutshwa kwengaphakathi.

cellulose Pure kuyinto emhlophe okuqinile nge izakhiwo sasivumela ezikhangayo, has ukumelana kakhulu emathonyeni yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene futhi ngokomzimba.

Nature wakhetha cellulose (cellulose) njengoba eyinhloko impahla yawo yokwakha. Ezweni isitshalo ke isisekelo iseli izindonga kwezihlahla kanye nezinye izitshalo ephakeme. Ngendlela elicwengekileyo of zemvelo cellulose kuyinto ukotini imbewu izinwele.

I izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele le izinto zinqunywa isakhiwo yayo yasekuqaleni. cellulose inefomula irekhodi Imininingwane (C6 H10 O5) n kusukela esikubheka isakhiwo evelele polymeric. Ukuphinda lenqwaba izikhathi β-glucose ezisalayo nombono eningiliziwe kanjani - [C6 H7 O2 (OH) 3] -, ixhunywe ku-molecule komugqa eside.

Yamamolekhula cellulose ifomula ichaza eliyingqayizivele chemical impahla yayo ukuze simelane ezindaweni onakalisayo. Futhi uginindela has a ukumelana nokushisa, ngisho e-degrees 200 Celsius impahla igcina isimo sawo futhi lingabulewe. Autoignition kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa 420 ° C.

Ayikho i-cellulose kancane ezikhanga nezici zabo ezingokomzimba. Ifomula isakhi cellulose ngesimo imicu eside equkethe kusukela 300 kuya 10,000 amayunithi glucose abangenalo amagatsha side, ngokuyinhloko inquma ukuzinza okusezingeni eliphezulu yalolu ketshezi. Formula glucose kubonisa ukuthi sebuningini hydrogen izibopho akhaphele Imicu yotshani cellulose amandla hhayi kuphela okusezingeni eliphezulu mechanical, kodwa futhi kuyaqina okusezingeni eliphezulu. Imiphumela kohlaziyo sebuningini ucwaningo chemical nocwaningo kwaba ukudalwa umfuziselo cellulose macromolecules. Kuyinto Kuvunguza eligxilile izinyathelo 2-3 we kusezingeni leliphansi, okuyinto uhlaliseke ngenxa intramolecular hydrogen izibopho.

Hhayi ifomula cellulose futhi degree yayo polymerization kuwuphawu eziyisisekelo izinto eziningi. Ngakho e-cotton eluhlaza ifinyelela inani izinsalela glucosidic 2500-3000, i-cotton nahlanza - kusuka 900 1000, wahlanza ukhuni uginindela has inkomba 800-1000, Lentulo le cellulose hlangana nenani labo kuyehla kube 200-400, kanye cellulose acetate i zezimboni ke zokhahlamba kusuka 150 ukuze 270 "links" e-molecule.

Umkhiqizo ngokwenza cellulose kuyinto material plant, ngokuyinhloko kuba izinkuni. Inqubo eziyisisekelo ihilela ukunyathelisa ngokhuni chips ne kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene pulping, kulandele ukuthi uhlanzekile, omiswe bese ukusika umkhiqizo osuphelile.

ukuphathwa ezalandela cellulose kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole ezihlukahlukene izinto nge izakhiwo oyifunayo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ezivumela ukukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo, ngaphandle okuyinto ngokunamandla kangaka ukuphila komuntu yesimanje Kunzima ukucabanga. Ifomula eziyingqayizivele cellulose, amakhemikhali kushintshwe futhi ezithuthukisa ubuhle, waba isisekelo ukwenziwa izinto okuyinto ahlukile ngokwemvelo, siyivumele ukuba kabanzi embonini zamakhemikhali, imithi nezinye imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu.

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