Yiziphi izinzwa? Sakhiwo umsebenzi sezinzwa

Umzimba womuntu, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi lapho umsebenzi ohilelekile eziningi izingxenye ehlukile futhi amayunithi. Ngaphandle, umzimba yakho ibonakala aphansi, ngisho bakudala. Nokho, uma ukubheka nangaphakathi futhi zama ukuthola izinhlelo okuyinto kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi imizimba ezahlukene, bese ziqokonyiswe isimiso sezinzwa. Namangqamuzana ezinzwa, okuyinto esemqoka iyithimba isakhiwo, uba Lidlulisela inkanuko chemical kagesi kanye. Naphezu ukufana zangaphandle kwamanye amaseli, it wenza eziyinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi ezibucayi kabani ukwesekwa kubalulekile umsebenzi womuntu psychophysical. Ngoba ukuthi uyayiqonda incazelo yalesi yokwamukela kufanele ukubhekana nomklamo walo, izimiso lenjongo ukusebenza.

Yiziphi izinzwa?

A namangqamuzana ezinzwa kuyinto cell ezikhethekile okungukuthi chweba futhi ngokucubungula ulwazi ngenqubo nokuxhumana nezinye amayunithi kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo isimiso sezinzwa. Isibalo sazo zemizwa kobuchopho ^Novemba 10 (eziyikhulu namashumi billion). Ngakho omunye namangqamuzana ezinzwa ingaqukatha ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 tysyach synapse - eziyimpumelelo sezinzwa, futhi ngayo nefunda ngayo oxhumana intercellular zenzeka. Sikhishwe yokuthi kungenzeka lezi zinto libhekwe njengelingcwele amabhlogo ukuthi ungakwazi ukugcina ulwazi, kungenzeka ukuphetha ngokuthi kungenzeka ubuchopho bomuntu aqukethe oluningi ulwazi. Futhi kubizwa iyunithi namangqamuzana ezinzwa isakhi isimiso sezinzwa, ukuhlinzeka umsebenzi izinzwa. Lokho, cabangela leli seli kufanele ibe isici Amatebhe ikhambi yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene.

amaseli kwemizwa Ikakhulukazi

Uma siqhathanisa isakhiwo izinzwa kanye namanye amangqamuzana, singathola eziningi ezifanayo. Nokho, ngokuya ukusebenza, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezimiso zalesi izakhi esiyingqayizivele zomzimba womuntu. Isici esiyinhloko izinzwa ukuthi ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa amaseli wabo kuphele nokuzala. Lokhu kuchaza yokuthi njengoba zikhula inani receptor kungancipha ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho. Nokho, uhlobo oluthile izinzwa emva kokuzalwa ungakwazi ukwandisa uxhumo olusha, ethuthukisa umsebenzi wabo sokusebenza. Kukhona izici isakhiwo. Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi yeseli kwemizwa ekuqaleni zigxile izinhloso zokuxhumana. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, oyiyo inikeza eziningana izinqubo ezikhethekile lapho zidlulisela nokwamukela amasignali.

Isakhiwo izinzwa

Ngesisekelo cell umzimba, ngaphakathi okuyinto organelle kanye nengaphakathi camera ne esitokisini esikhethekile. lekubukana nemfundzi ngamunye icubungula amaseli ethulwa axons futhi dendrites. namangqamuzana ezinzwa ngamunye eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi bahlakulele cytoskeleton, okuyinto lingena singene izinqubo. Lo msuka lisiza ekulondolozeni cell shape, futhi kanye lo msebenzi ukudluliswa wenza organelles neurotransmitters. Ngakho, ngakho isitokisi ngasinye has a isakhiwo, kodwa ziyashiyana ngobukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umzimba kungaba namangqamuzana ezinzwa ububanzi kusukela microns 3 130. Futhi ama-receptor ezinzwa kungahluka inani izinqubo. Ezinye zezinhlobo, isibonelo, babe dendrites amaningi, kanti abanye atholakala amagatsha lonke anomthelela ethola ezingaphezu inani Imininingwane. Kuyefana nasendleleni le axons, okuyinto yehluka ngebudze bayo.

Inqubo izinzwa ukwakha

namangqamuzana ezinzwa Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini cell-eyandulela, okuyinto ayeyivalile kuhlukane ngaphambi kokuba abe ophumayo izinqubo kuqala. Nokho, izici yale nqubo kuthiwa ayiqondakali kahle. Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, Axon ibonakala okokuqala, kulandele kumiswa dendrites kuye. Ekupheleni inqubo ukwakha kukhona ukuqina, elibuye kuvulela "komzila" in the nezicubu eziseduze. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izinzwa anjalo isimiso sezinzwa? Le yunithi encane kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo, ogama value kunqunywa izinqubo. Ngaphandle, igatsha enjalo zifane izigodo mncane ameva ukushuba mayelana 0.2 microns. Ngakho ngo microspikes obuphelele ongafinyelela microns 50. I ngezikhawu phakathi izinqubo ezinjalo egcwele ulwelwesi ezifincizekile ezifana nezimpiko.

izinzwa imisebenzi

Kukhona ezinye imisebenzi ukuthi enze izinzwa. Ikakhulukazi, amaseli sezinzwa kuhluke ukuzwela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene. Lezi receptor abakhona esikhumbeni, ulimi, imisipha, futhi t. D. amaseli yalolu hlobo ukuvumela umuntu ubuhlungu, lokushisa ukweqisa, ingcindezi, kanye iphunga nokunambitheka okungefani. Nokho, ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi leso sezinzwa kungani zibalulekile, akufanele sibhekwe nje ukuphendula ezintweni. amaseli Eminye yemizwa, kukhona Izinzwa, inkanuko izicubu zomzimba. Kukhona elinye iqembu ebalulekile receptor osebenza njengokuvimbelayo isixhumanisi phakathi motor namaseli sezinzwa. It interneurons, akha isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

izinhlobo izinzwa

Ukwahlukaniswa main libhekisela ukwehlukana izinzwa nsuku kwesakhiwo. Ikakhulukazi, izazi ziye zakhomba bezaksonnye, psevdounipolyarnye, unipolar, onokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo, futhi izinzwa multipolar. Mangisho ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinhlobo namanje kuncane okwaziwayo ngaso. Lokhu kusebenza bezaksonnym lamaseli eqoqelwe ndawonye emgogodleni. izingxabano ngokuphathelene izinzwa unipolar seziqalile. Kunemibono ukuthi amaseli okunjalo futhi alikho emzimbeni womuntu. Uma sikhuluma lokho izinzwa emzimbeni ubuswa nezidalwa ephakeme ke ziqokonyiswe receptor multipolar. Lokhu cell has inethiwekhi dendrites kanye Axon olulodwa. Ungase uthi kungcono namangqamuzana ezinzwa zakudala, okuvame kakhulu isimiso sezinzwa.

isiphetho

amaseli Neural kukhona ebalulekile zomzimba womuntu. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi receptor inikezwa ukusebenza nsuku zonke, futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane omoya kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni womuntu. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yentuthuko isayensi kunikeza impendulo kulombuzo mayelana lokho izinzwa, kodwa amaqabunga isikhala okutholakele esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla kukhona nemibono engafani ezindabeni ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama umsebenzi, kukhula nekutfutfuka lolu hlobo amaseli. Kodwa noma kunjalo, isifundo izinzwa ingenye imisebenzi eyinhloko Neurophysiology. Engingakusho nje ukuthi ama-discovery amasha kulo mkhakha bayakwazi ukuba asikhanyisele ezingcono aphathe iziyaluyalu eziningi engqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi olujulile izinzwa izimiso zokusebenza kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa izindlela ukuze kubekhona engqondo nokuthuthukisa inkumbulo esizukulwaneni esisha.