Sinjani isimo ejabulile ye-athomu

. Ngo-1905 kaJ Thompson imodeli isakhiwo yama-athomu wayengowokuqala ukusikisela, owawuthi it is kahle icala ibhola, ngaphakathi okuyinto ahlelwe nge negative icala izinhlayiya - electron. Kagesi ukungathathi hlangothi athomu wachaza kwesibalo ibhola mali futhi bonke electron yayo.

Esikhundleni lo mbono ngo-1911, wafika imodeli kwamaplanethi, adalwe uRutherford: maphakathi inkanyezi core, bakha ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wonke ama-athomu omise emhlabeni electron, amaplanethi ilingise. Nokho, ucwaningo olwengeziwe, imiphumela ebekela ngokunemba imodeli. Ngokwesibonelo, amafomula of uRutherford kulandele ukuthi ijubane electron futhi radii zabo kungaba nhlobonhlobo ngokuqhubekayo. Esimweni esinjalo wayeyoba waphawula emisebeni okuqhubekayo phezu kwawo wonke bohlu. Nokho, imiphumela ucwaningo ukhombise spectra umugqa zama-athomu. Futhi, zikhona ezinye umehluko. Kamuva, Niels Bohr okuhlongozwayo imodeli quantum isakhiwo athomu. Kumele phansi kanye nesimo ejabulile ye-athomu kuphawulwe. Lesi sici sivumela, ngokukhethekile, ukuchaza Valence timphawu.

Isimo ejabulile ye-athomu kuyinto esigabeni esimaphakathi phakathi isimo ngeqanda amandla ezingeni nangaphezulu kunalokho. Kakhulu engazinzile, ngakho-ke kufushane kakhulu - okuyisikhathi ingxenye eyodwa kweziyisigidi yesibili. Isimo ujabule athomu kwenzeka uma umlayezo kuye amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, lwaluvelaphi zingavezelwa okushisa Amasimu kagesi.

Ifomu lula inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela classical isakhiwo yama-athomu uthi emhlabeni core at amabanga athile kanye ezungeza isiyingi uphendukisa indivisible izinhlayiya omubi icala - electron. orbit ngamunye hhayi umugqa, njengoba kungase kubonakale, futhi amandla "ifu" electrons eziningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-electron ngamunye has spin yayo (uphendukisa kuma-axis awo). Noma yimuphi engaba electron orbit kuncike amandla ayo ezingeni, ngakho ngokungabi bikho zangaphandle ithonya Sakhiwo sangekhatsi uzinzile ngokwanele. ukwephulwa Ezazimzungezile - isimo ujabule we -nastupaet athomu lapho zangaphandle umbiko amandla. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-uzungeza sokugcina lapho amandla nokuxhumana ikhenela incane, abhanqiwe electron osebenzisa futhi steamed, ngenxa yalokho, kuhlangana kwabo kwenzeka kumaseli ingenamuntu. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuhambisana amandla ukulondolozwa komthetho electron kwathatha ephakeme amazinga amandla kuhambisana ukumuncwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya.

Cabangela i-athomu esimweni ujabule athomu Ngokwesibonelo arsenic (Njengoba). Valence Its ezintathu. Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, lesi silinganiso kuyiqiniso kuphela icala uma ilungu isebujameni khulula. Kusukela Valence kunqunywa inani osebenzisa ayibhangqiwe, kwakuthi singathola wamandla wangaphandle atom isayithi orbit zokugcina waphawula kushunqe izinhlayiya nge inguquko yeseli khulula. Ngenxa yalokho, eshintsha orbit. Kusukela sublevels amandla nje emuva, bese ukwedlulisela emuva (recombination), phansi ama-athomu isimo, ephelezelwa ukuvela womoya omuncwa njengoba photon okulingana. Uma sibuyela esibonelweni arsenic: ngenxa yezinguquko inani osebenzisa ayibhangqiwe esimweni ujabule sifana Valence element ezinhlanu.

Schematically, osekushiwo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: lapho ithola amandla ingxenye ngaphandle kohlelo yangaphandle athomu electron nazo ezilahlekelwe lide ibanga kusuka nucleus (orbit engaba inyuka). Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi i-proton nucleus okungukuthi, inani energy yangaphakathi ye-athomu iba ezinkudlwana. Ngo ukungabikho okuqhubekayo zangaphandle energy okokufaka kuyashesha kakhulu electron ubuyela orbit odlule. Kulokhu, ngokweqile bamandla alo ikhishwe ngendlela emisebeni kagesi.