Zangasese zomphakathi: incazelo kwezinhlobo. zangasese zomphakathi e Moscow

Kwaphela isikhathi eside emizini kwakungekho amapayipi agcwele. Ukungcola zivame ziphonswe emgwaqweni, okuyinto, ngokwemvelo, akugcini ngokuletha umuzwa nephunga elibi njalo nokungcola, kodwa futhi ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo ezithathelwanayo, ngezinye izikhathi ithuthukisa sibe umqedazwe ebanzi.

Ngakho-ke, indima efezwa zangasese yokuqala zomphakathi, asikwazi overestimated. Bona akuvumelekile nje ukusula Emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni amakhulu, kodwa futhi ngokoqobo wasindisa ukuphila kwabantu abaningi.

Umlando omncane

Zangasese yenengi uvele Russia kuphela ekhulwini le-19. Ngokwesibonelo, eSt ngo-1871, i-isihlalo sendlu yangasese, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda retiradnik "Yakhiwa eduze Mikhailovsky Manege. Kwaba endlini eyakhelwe phezu a cesspool, azowubeka encane Russian Ukushisa isitofu.

Impumelelo ephefumulelwe, futhi kamuva, iziphathimandla zedolobha eyakhelwe 42 ngaphezulu ethoyilethi efanayo. Bonke nethonya ezindaweni lapho wabutha abantu abaningi kakhulu - izimakethe, esifundeni esimaphakathi komuzi, tikwele kanye amapaki. Initiative kancane kancane yathathwa nakwamanye amadolobha aseRussia.

Izinhlobo zangasese zomphakathi (zemvelo)

Kuye indlela, okususa ukungcola, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zangasese zomphakathi - zemvelo, izindlu zangasese zamakhemikhali, amakhemikhali nendle.

1. Ezindaweni lapho kungekho eyodwa indle, ngempumelelo usebenza okuthiwa zangasese zemvelo. Zimelela Itafula elincane, ukuba kwakhiwe le cesspool. Kuze kube yimanje, kuba Phezu komkhumbi nge imbobo slotted kuwo (ochkom), okuyinto uzimisele futhi azikhulula. Ukuze idokodo emoyeni engenayo fresh umnyango ngokuvamile wenze ukuzwakalisa encane. Indle ngezikhathi efafazwe umhlaba noma Peat ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucubungulwa oyizalayo futhi budambile nephunga edabukisayo. A Gcwalisa sump ngezikhathi khuhla usebenzisa indle iloli noma ngesandla.
2. Ngo biotoilets kabusha esetshenziswa Peat, lapho okuqukethwe kancane kancane ibe umquba, umquba efanelekayo izitshalo. Ngokuphambene, izindlu zangasese zamakhemikhali ukusebenzisa udoti usebenzisa amakhemikhali futhi ngenxa yalokho abanye bakhetha ukusebenzisa, isibonelo, ekwakheni amasayithi noma phakathi nemikhosi.
3. zangasese Sewer - kuba izindawo akubona eyodwa indle, okuvumela ukuba asuse indle kusukela wamanje amanzi.

Izimfuneko ukubekwa zangasese zomphakathi

Amadolobha akhula zidinga ezandayo itholethe, indlini encane yomphakathi. Ukusungulwa kwalezi izakhiwo kudingeka kalula, okuyinto kufanele inake hhayi kuphela ukubekwa, kodwa futhi ngamandla ngokwanele (kunenkolelo 1000 kufanele kube 0.3 iyunithi).

Uma kuhlelelwa izilinganiso kudingeka ukuba benze ngokuvumelana itholethe, indlini encane ethile yomphakathi, okuyinto evela yokuthi isitsha ngasinye akumele esingaphansi kuka 2.5 m, futhi urinal ngamunye - hhayi ngaphansi kuka 1.5 amamitha ndawo. Ukuphakama 3.2 m eqala Intuthuko izakhiwo ehlukile, futhi ukufaka fixed noma ngaphansi komhlaba kufanele kube hhayi ngaphansi kuka 2.8 m.

Lapho ungakwazi post zangasese zomphakathi

Tinkondlo imithetho ethile futhi libe yindawo lapho ungakwazi post itholethe, indlini encane yomphakathi.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko sanitary device emakhaya, ezikoleni kanye izinkulisa, kanye izakhiwo zezakhiwo eceleni ukuba ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela noma isikhungo sanitary-no-nokwanda, akuvunyelwe.

Izindlu zangasese e izakhiwo zomphakathi, ukuthatha inani elikhulu izivakashi asethwe at ibanga hhayi ningi than 75 m kusuka izindawo eziqhele kakhulu lapho abantu lihlale kuyo. Futhi kweNkundla, lokhu ibanga kumele singeqi 150 amamitha kude endaweni yezemidlalo noma endaweni ezikude zezitsha.

Ucingo yangasese kumakhabheni kufanele ibekwe kungekho amamitha eduze kuka-50 kusukela kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni kanye yokuhlala. mthetho, ngasendleleni, osebenza ku zangasese umile.

Ukukhonjwa zangasese zomphakathi

Ukuze akhombise yangasese endaweni yomphakathi, emadolobheni ahlukene kanye namazwe zisebenzisa izinkomba ezahlukene. Ngaphezu eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "WC", e-Europe kungaba izincwadi WC (esifushanisiwe umbiko oyisithombe esimile).

Futhi kule amahhotela zangasese zomphakathi zibikwe ngamunye phansi, okhethwe GS, okusho - kuleli gumbi ayinakho izinombolo. Nokho, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi elilotshwe babevela-British Army, lapho ngakho elalibhalwe zangasese for izikhulu (Isiphathamandla kuphela).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e zangasese zomphakathi amagatsha parallel notation esetshenziselwa amadoda nabesifazane - "M" futhi "W" noma "M" futhi «W» (kule nguqulo ngesiNgisi). Kwezinye izimo, esikhundleni ilebula wasebenzisa imifanekiso noma izithombe ezihlobene noma yangasese indaba ephathwayo, iyiphi isivakashi ukuba phansi.

zangasese zomphakathi abantu yomuntu wesilisa noma wesifazane

Muva nje, itholethe, indlini encane ezingasho awasikiseli umehluko ubulili izivakashi zabo. Lokho emagcekeni eceleni ukuba kulolu hlobo lwenkonzo, ngaphezulu asivamile ukubonwa ibonisa ukuthi lokhu zangasese zomphakathi abesilisa nabesifazane.

Lezi zinguquko ngenxa yokuthi ithuba ukuvakashela itholethe, indlini encane nabesifazane abathile kuphela kudala ubunzima obuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, amadoda kuphela enakekela ingane, ungase uthole ukuthi ushintsha ithebula itholakala kuphela ikamelo ladies '. Ubaba esakhula amantombazane ingase futhi ibhekane nenkinga - noma avumele ingane encane ukuya ekamu labesifazane, noma hamba nayo la madoda afikile. Ngiyavuma: futhi yena nabanye kukhetha ngokulinganayo esingesihle.

Izindlu zangasese ngoba abesilisa nabesifazane ukwakha ikamelo elikhulu sokulinda lapho ungakwazi ugeze izandla zakho futhi ukuhlanza izingubo, kanye egumbini, lapho kwesibaya avaliwe. Lokhu kuvumela kokubili amadoda nabesifazane kungukuthi ukuzibangela amahloni nomunye.

Plumbing for zangasese zomphakathi

kuya sanitary izidingo imishini ukuze zangasese zomphakathi akuncikile ukuthi zingaki izivakashi ngesikhathi esifanayo ziklanyelwe - kufanele kube ocekela phansi-ubufakazi futhi kulula ukuhlanza.

Futhi ethandwa kakhulu kule ndaba ethoyilethi ngoba zangasese zomphakathi - isitsha "Genoa". Kuyinto umkhiqizo elingunxande cast iron, steel noma izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, nge kude esikhethekile izinyawo namandla phakathi side, okusikisela nokuzikhulula. Lokhu kuye undoubted izinzuzo njengoba isivakashi ayidingi ukuba uthinte ebusweni lutho ngaphandle izicathulo.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo yangasese isitsha "Genoa" singamethemba futhi unesikhathi eside kakhulu ukusetshenziswa.

Izindlu zangasese kungaba amahle

Namuhla, zangasese zomphakathi kancane kancane ayeka ukuba khona izindawo lapho ngifuna ukuba siphume ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wonke, lezi zakhiwo babé izimpawu zendawo yezakhiwo.

• Ngakho, e Tel Aviv (Israyeli) sokujabulisa iso round amadokodo orange, okuningi okufana amawolintshi kuka zangasese. Futhi Gdansk (Poland), ingxenye zomlando lalowo muzi kwathiwa ehlotshiswe design esifana iconsi lemvula, okuyinto ngokuvumelanayo ezihlangene phakathi ukunambitheka wendawo.
• abaklami Japanese ngikudalile 17 izinhlobo zangasese zomphakathi Hiroshima amapaki, eyenziwe isitayela Origami, kodwa yathululela ngokhonkolo. Bona zipendwe ngemibala egqamile futhi endaweni umhlobiso.
• Futhi Uster (Switzerland) yangasese sifana cube embozwe zibe maholoholo inyoka isikhumba. Lo mphumela kufinyelelwa, okwakuthandelene mayelana 300 amaKhaladi shades ezahlukene oluhlaza aluminium emapheshana.
• Toilet maphakathi Austin (Texas, USA) itholakala eduze alley, ababekhethwa bona abagijimi. Kufana i ukufakwa amabhodi sokhuni kuka encane, ukuze kufanelana ngokuphelele zingene ezungezile.
• Futhi ebhishi endaweni ka Wellington (New Zealand) zangasese ibukeke zasolwandle nge eside imisila ezifincizekile ezifana nezimpiko. Lezi imisila, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukhona ukupholisa yemvelo emagcekeni.
• Kodwa abesifazane amahle kakhulu kungenziwa ngokuthi yangasese yomphakathi ngesikhathi Theatre Shoei Tabuchi (USA). Ubheka njenge-Igumbi zasebukhosini esigodlweni, ezigcwele izimbali. Izibuko bese anezinhlaka enkulu Uhlaka ethusi, kulabo abafisa ukuba uphumule, kukhona ngisho esihlalweni unyakazisa.

Nokho zangasese zomphakathi akwanele

Noma kunjalo, ngokuvumelana UN, nsuku zonke, abantu abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.5 emhlabeni uhlushwa ukuntuleka zangasese zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzi Organization yavuma ngokuthi isimo iseduze inhlekelele.

Phela, ngisho lapho itholethe, indlini encane kukhona, zingabantu isimo esibi kaningi, yingakho kwabantu abawasebenzisayo basengozini zempilo. Futhi abesifazane nezingane, ngokuvakashela zangasese zomphakathi, ngokuvamile baba yizisulu zobudlova kuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi bayaphoqeleka ukuba azikhulula ezindaweni ezingafanele lokhu, okuyinto Yebo kunomphumela omubi isimo epidemiological futhi imvelo emhlabeni.

zangasese zomphakathi e Moscow

Hhayi okuhlukile kulo mqondo, futhi eMoscow. Izivakashi, futhi izakhamuzi zedolobha ngokwayo kunzima kakhulu ukuthola indawo ukuze akhulule ngokwabo. Phela, iningi we zangasese zomphakathi ezikhona zimane ukucasha. Kubo akukho ukukhangisa kuphela, kodwa ngisho nezimpawu liyabonakala. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi abasebenzi baqiniseka akanandaba kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo izivakashi.

Kusukela ikakhulu phakathi nawo-90 BakaJehova eMoscow kwalethwa blue plastic yangasese amakhabethe (wokuphikisana nezindlu zangasese eziphathwayo okwakubizwa ngokuthi ngephutha). Iningi lazo kancane kancane wasungula osomabhizinisi. Futhi nakuba izinzuzo zangasese ezifana zisobala - abayikho ephathekayo, musa ukuthatha isikhala kakhulu, azibizi futhi okhokhela kahle uqobo ngaphakathi kwezinyanga ezimbalwa - zisatholakala lincane kakhulu edolobheni elikhulu. Lokhu ekugcineni kuholela yokuthi ukuthi "kumakhabheni blue" ngokushesha ekubeni isikhala yaphela indaba yalo.

Ukulungisa isimo abizwa ngokuthi zangasese ezintsha Modular, ngowezi-2013 kwaqala ukubonakala eMoscow. Bakuhlonyiselwe nokukhanya, amanzi ashisayo, uhlelo esizihlanzayo, insipho, isibuko futhi ngisho "inkinobho uvalo", lapho ufuna ushayele amaphoyisa noma i-ambulensi.

A amazwi ambalwa esiphethweni

Ikakhulu sendlela avuselelwa zangasese zomphakathi kungenziwa bahlulelwe ezingeni isiko kanye nokuthuthukisa isimo.

Ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo bokuphila endaweni ukhululekile - lokhu kuwuphawu wokunakekela mayelana izakhamuzi. Futhi, njengoba izakhamuzi kulondolozwe impahla kanye nokugcinwa oda ezikhungweni ezinjalo, ongamtshela okuningi kwendlela abakhuliswa ngayo, imfundo imikhuba kwenhlanzeko. Uxolo uma zangasese zomphakathi iwumthombo ezibuhlungu.