Izindaba neNhlanganoAmasiko

Abantu baseFinnno-Ugric: umlando kanye namasiko. Abantu beqembu le-ethno-linguissi le-Finno-Ugric

Izilimi ze-Finno-ze-Ugric zihlobene ne-Finnish yanamuhla nesiHungary. Abantu abakhuluma nabo bakha iqembu lama-ethno-linguiste le-Finno-Ugric. Imvelaphi yabo, indawo yokuhlala, umphakathi kanye nokwahlukana kwezici zangaphandle, isiko, inkolo namasiko yizihloko zocwaningomhlaba jikelele emkhakheni womlando, i-anthropology, i-geography, izilimi kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zesayensi. Khulumisa ngokufushane lesi sihloko uzama lesi sihloko sokubuyekeza.

Abantu beqembu le-ethno-linguissi le-Finno-Ugric

Ngokwezinga lokusondela kwezilimi, abacwaningi bahlukanisa abantu baseFinnno-Ugric zibe ngamaconsi amahlanu.

Isisekelo sokuqala, i-Baltic-Finnic, sakhiwa yiFinnns ne-Estoni - abantu abanezizwe zabo. Bahlala naseRussia. Setu - iqembu elincane lama-Estonia - lihlelwe esifundeni sasePsykov. Abantu abaningi baseBaltic-isiFinnish baseRussia bangamaKarelians. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, basebenzisa izilimi ezintathu zokuziphendulela, ngenkathi ulimi lolimi olubheka njengesiFinnish. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaVepsia namaZirabi angaphansi kweqembu elifanayo - izizwe ezincane eziye zagcina izilimi zazo, futhi namanzi (kunabantu abangaphansi kwekhulu asele, ulimi lwabo lulahlekile) namaLibs.

Owesibini yiqembu elincane le-Saami (noma i-Lapar). Iningi labantu abalinike leli gama lixazululwe eScandinavia. ERussia, amaSaami ahlala eNhlonhlweni yaseKola. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo lezi zizwe zazihlala ensimini enkulu, kodwa kamuva zaqhutshelwa enyakatho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulimi lwabo lwasuswa esikhundleni sesinye sezilimi zaseFinnish.

Iqembu elincane lesithathu, elakha abantu baseFinnno-Ugric - iVolga-Finnic - ihlanganisa uMari noMorvava. I-Mari - ingxenye eyinhloko yabantu baseRiphabhliki yaseMari El, bahlala eBashkortostan, eTatarstan, Udmurtia nakweminye imifundazwe yaseRussia. Zinezilimi ezimbili zokubhala (okuyinto, kodwa, hhayi bonke abacwaningi abavumelanako). I-Mordva iyinani labantu abahlala e-Republic of Mordovia; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye enkulu yamaMorvvins ixazululwa kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ekubunjweni kwalesi sizwe kunamaqembu amabili e-ethnographic, ngalinye linalo ulimi olubhalwe phansi.

Iqembu elincane lesine libizwa nge-Permian. Ihlanganisa iKomi, Komi-Permyaks, kanye ne-Udmurts. Ngisho nangaphambi kuka-Okthoba 1917, ngokwezinga lokufunda nokubhala (nakuba kuyiRashiya), i-Komi yayisondela kubantu abafundiswa kakhulu baseRussia - amaJuda namaJalimane aseRashiya. Ngokuqondene nama-Udmurts, ulimi lwabo lwagcinwa ingxenye enkulu emadolobheni ase-Udmurt Republic. Izakhamuzi zemizi, njengombuso, ukhohlwe ulimi lwazo lwendabuko namasiko.

Isihlanu, i-Ugric, i-subgroup ihlanganisa isiHungary, Khanty noMansi. Nakuba ukufika okuphansi kwe-Ob nama-Urals asenyakatho kuhlukanisa amakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka esifundazweni saseHungary ku-Danube, lezi zizwe ziyizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu. UKhanty noMansi bangabanye abantu abancane eNyakatho.

Izizwe zaseFinnno-Ugric ezanyamalalayo

Abantu baseFinnno-Ugric bahlanganisa izizwe, ogama lawo alondolozwe kuphela ezincwadini. Ngakho-ke, abantu balinganisa baphila ekuphazameni kweVolga ne-Oka emnyakeni wokuqala wezinsuku zethu - kunombono wokuthi kamuva wahlangana namaSlav aseMpumalanga.

Into efanayo yenzeka ne-muhrom. Laba bantu basendulo kakhulu benkampani ye-Finno-Ugric ye-linguistic, lapho behlala e-Oka basin.

Izizwe zaseFinland ezide zihlala isikhathi eside zihlala emifuleni yase-Onega naseNyakatho Dvina, abacwaningi babiza i-chud (ngokusho kwesimo esisodwa, babeyikhokho base-Estonian).

Ukufana kwezilimi namasiko

Ngemva kokumemezela izilimi ze-Finno-Ugric njengeqembu elilodwa, abacwaningi bagcizelela lo mphakathi njengento ebalulekile ehlanganisa abantu abakhuluma nabo. Kodwa-ke, ama-Ural ethnoses, naphezu kokufaniswa kwawo kwesakhiwo sezilimi zabo, namanje akaqondi njalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, i-Finn, izokwazi ukuzichaza yona nge-Estonian, i-Erzyanin ne-Mokshanin, ne-Udmurt ne-Komi. Kodwa-ke, abantu beli qembu, abahlala kude kakhulu komunye nomunye, kufanele benze imizamo eminingi yokubona ngezilimi zabo izici ezivamile ezizozisiza ukuba ziqhube ingxoxo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezilimi zabantu baseFinnno-Ugric ngokuyinhloko kulandelwa ngokufana kwezakhiwo zolimi. Lokhu kubathinta kakhulu ukubunjwa kokucabanga nokubuka umhlaba wonke kwabantu. Naphezu kokuhluka kwamasiko, lesi simo senza ukuba kuvele ukuqonda phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-psychology ekhethekile, ehlelwe yinkambiso yokucabanga kulezi zilimi, ikhuthaza isiko jikelele kanye nombono wabo ohlukile wezwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani ne-Indo-European, ummeleli we-Finno-Ugric uyathandwa ukuphatha imvelo ngenhlonipho ehlukile. Isiko se-Finno-Ugric ngezindlela eziningi sanikele ekufiseni isifiso salezi zizwe ukuze zivumelanise nomakhelwane babo ngokuthula - njengomthetho, bakhetha ukungazi ukuthi balwe, kodwa ukuhamba, ukugcina ubunikazi babo.

Okunye okuphawulekayo kubantu balaleli qembu ukuvuleka kwabo ekushintsheni kwamasiko. Ekufuneni izindlela zokuqinisa ubudlelwane nabantu abathintekayo, balondoloza oxhumana nabo bamasiko nabo bonke abazungezile. Ngokuyinhloko, u-Finno-Ugra wakwazi ukulondoloza izilimi zawo, izakhi zamasiko eziyinhloko. Ukuxhunyaniswa nemikhuba yobuzwe kule ndawo kungalandelwa ezingoma zikazwelonke, ukudansa, umculo, izitsha zendabuko, izingubo. Futhi kuze kube yilolu suku izici eziningi zemikhuba yabo yasendulo zifikile: umshado, umngcwabo, isikhumbuzo.

Umlando Omfushane we-Finno-Ugrians

Imvelaphi nomlando wokuqala wezizwe zaseFinnno-Ugric kuze kube yilolu suku zihlala zingxoxwa nezingxoxo zesayensi. Phakathi kwabacwaningi, umbono obambe kakhulu kunawo wonke wukuthi esikhathini esidala kwakukhona iqembu elilodwa labantu ababekhuluma ulimi olujwayelekile lwe-proto-Ugric. Okhokho bamanje be-Finno-Ugrians kuze kube sekupheleni kweyeshumi leminyaka leminyaka BC. E. Kugcinwe ubunye obuhlobene. Bahlala ezindaweni zase-Urals nase-Western Urals, futhi kungenzeka nakwezinye izindawo eziseduze nabo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, okuthiwa yiFinnno-Ugric, izizwe zabo zazixhumana no-Indo-Iranians, ezabonakala ezinkolweni nasezilimini. Phakathi kwekhulu lesithathu nelesibili BC. E. Ihlukaniswe nomunye amagatsha ase-Uganda nase-Finno-Permian. Phakathi kwezizwe zalezi zinsuku, zihlala eziqondisweni ezisentshonalanga, izingxenyana ezizimele zezilimi (iBaltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish, Permian) zahlukana kancane kancane zahlukaniswa. Njengomphumela wokuguquka kwesibalo esivela kubantu base-Far North kuya kwesinye sezilimi ze-Finno-Ugric, iSaami yakha.

Iqembu le-Ugric lezilimi lihlukanisiwe phakathi nonyaka wokuqala we-BC. E. Ukuhlukaniswa kweBaltic-isiFinnish kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sethu. I-Permian ikhona isikhathi esithile - kuze kube sekhulwini lesishiyagalombili. Indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni okuhlukile kwalezi zilimi yadlala ngabathintana bezizwe zaseFinnno-Ugric neBaltic, isi-Iranian, isi-Slavic, isiTurkey kanye nabantu baseJalimane.

Indawo yokuhlala

Abantu baseFinnno-Ugric namuhla bahlala eNyakatho-Western Europe. Ezindaweni, zitholakala ensimini enkulu evela eScandinavia kuya e-Urals, Volgo-Kamya, ePritobolia ephansi naphakathi. Abantu baseHungary yibo kuphela abantu beqembu le-ethno-linguissi le-Finno-Ugric, abakha umbuso wabo ngaphandle kwezizwe ezihlobene nabo - esifundeni saseCarpathian-Danube.

Abantu baseFinnno-Uganda

Inani eliphelele labantu abakhuluma ngezilimi zase-Uralic (kufaka phakathi i-Finno-Ugric ngezilimi ze-Samoyedic) ngabantu abayizigidi ezingama-23-24. Abameli abaningi kakhulu bangamaHungary. Kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15 emhlabeni. Zilandelwa yi-Finns nama-Estoni (abantu abayi-5 no-1 million, ngokulandelana). Iningi lamanye amaqembu e-Finno-Ugric ahlala eRussia yanamuhla.

Amaqembu aseFinnno-Uganda asezweni laseRussia

Abafuduki baseRussia basheshe bagijimela emazweni aseFinnno-Ugrians ngekhulu le-16 le-18. Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokuzixazulisa kulezi zingxenye yayinoxolo, kodwa abanye abantu bomdabu (isibonelo, iMari) baphikisana isikhathi eside futhi babambene nombuso wabo waseRashiya.

Inkolo yobuKristu, ukubhala, isiko lendawo yasemadolobheni, okwethulwa amaRussia, ekugcineni kwaqala ukukhipha izinkolelo nezandiso zendawo. Abantu bathuthela emadolobheni, bathuthela emazweni aseSiberia nase-Altai - lapho okuyinhloko futhi jikelele kwakukhona ulimi lwesiRussia. Noma kunjalo, yena (ikakhulukazi ulimi lwakhe olusenyakatho) wathatha amagama amaningi aseFinnno-Ugric - ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-toponyms namagama ezenzakalo zemvelo.

Kwezinye izindawo, abantu baseFinnno-Ugric baseRussia bahlangana nabaseTurkey, bethola ama-Islam. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye ebalulekile yawo yayifakwe amaRussia. Ngakho-ke, lezi zizwe azikho ndawo ezenza iningi - ngisho kulawo ma-republic aphethe igama lawo.

Noma kunjalo, ngokubaluleka kwabantu ngo-2002, kunamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu aseFinnno-Ugric eRussia. LeMorva (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-843), ama-Udmurts (cishe ama-637 000), iMari (604 000), amaKomi-Zyryans (293 000), uKomi-Permyaks (izinkulungwane eziyi-125), amaKarelians (93,000). Inombolo yezinye izizwe ayidluli abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu: Khanty, Mansi, Veps. U-Izhores unabantu abangu-327, futhi abantu bamanzi - abantu abangu-73 kuphela. Abantu baseHungary, abaseFinland, abase-Estonia, eSaami nabo bahlala eRussia.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko saseFinnno-Ugric eRussia

Kuphelele, abantu abayishumi nesithupha baseFinnno-Ugric bahlala eRussia. Ezinhlanu zazo zinezizwe ezizimele zombuso, futhi ezimbili-zendawo. Bonke abanye bahlakazekile ezweni lonke.

ERussia kunakekelwa kakhulu ukulondolozwa kwamasiko amasiko ahlukene ezizwe ezihlala kulo . Izinhlelo zithuthukiswa ezingeni likazwelonke nakwasekhaya, ngokusekelwa yizizwe zabantu baseFinnno-Ugric, amasiko abo nezilimi zabo zifundiswa.

Ngakho-ke, amaSami, Khanty, Mansiysk afundiswa emakilasini okuqala, neKomi, Mari, Udmurt, izilimi zaseMordovia - ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi kulezi zifunda lapho amaqembu amakhulu ezizwe ezifanele ahlala khona. Kukhona imithetho ekhethekile kumasiko, ngezilimi (Mari El, Komi). Ngakho-ke, eRiphabhliki yaseKarelia kunomthetho wemfundo, ovikela ilungelo lamaVepsia nabaseKarelians ukutadisha ngolimi lwabo lwabantu basekhaya. I-Culture Act ichaza okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasiko amasiko alaba bantu.

Futhi emaRiphabliki kaMari El, u-Udmurtia, Komi, uMorovia, endaweni yaseKhanty-Mansi Autonomous kukhona imibono kanye nezinhlelo zakhe zokuthuthukiswa kwezwe. Isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yabantu baseFinnno-Ugric (esifundeni seRiphabhlikhi yaseMari El) sesisungulwe futhi siyasebenza.

Abantu baseFinnno-Ugric: ukubukeka

Okhokho be-Finno-Ugrians okwamanje banomphumela wokudideka kwezizwe zasePalaeo-European nasePalaeo-Asiatic. Ngakho-ke, ekubukeni kwazo zonke izizwe zaleli qembu kukhona zombili izici zeCaucasoid and Mongoloid. Ezinye izazi zithuthukisa inkolelo yokuba khona komhlanga ozimele - ama-Urals, "ophakathi" phakathi kwabantu baseYurophu nabase-Asiya, kodwa le nguqulo inamalandeli abambalwa.

I-Finno-Ugrians iyingqayizivele emibhalweni ye-anthropology. Kodwa-ke, noma ngubani omele abantu base-Finno-Ugric anesici esithi "Ural" ngezindlela ezithile. Ngokuvamile ukuphakama okuphakathi, umbala obala kakhulu wezinwele , umlomo we- snub, ubuso obanzi, intshebe encane. Kodwa lezi zici zizibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, i-mordvins-erzya - ubude, abanikazi bezinwele ezikhanyayo namahlo aluhlaza. I-Mordvins-moksha - ngokuphambene, ephansi, ebanzi, enezinwele ezimnyama. Ama-Udmurts noMari ngokuvamile anezici "eziMongolia" ezinomthelela okhethekile ekona elingaphakathi le-eye - epicanthus, ubuso obanzi kakhulu, intshebe encane. Kodwa ngaleyo ndlela izinwele zazo, njengombuso, zikhanya futhi zibomvu, futhi amehlo - eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ompunga okuyisici kubantu baseYurophu, kodwa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo hhayi iMongoloids. "Isibopho saseMongolia" sitholakala phakathi kwabakwa-Izri, amaVodians, amaCarelians ngisho nama-Estoni. I-Komi ihlukile. Lapho, lapho kukhona khona imishado exubekile ne-Nenets, abameleli balaba bantu baqothula futhi banamakhanda amnyama. Eminye i-Komi, ngokuphambene, ifana ne-Scandinavians, kodwa ibhekene nobuso obanzi.

I-Finno-Ugric Cuisine yaseRussia eRussia

Iningi lezitsha zemikhumbi yendabuko yenani le-Finno-Ugric lama-Urals kanye nesifunda saseTrans-Ural, eqinisweni, ayilondoloziwe noma ayiphambuke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, abathintekayo babheka ukulandelela amanye amaphethini jikelele.

Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokudla we-Finno-Ugrians kwakuyizinhlanzi. Akuzange kusetshenzwe kuphela ngokuhlukile (okuthosiwe, okomisiwe, okuphekwe, okuhlangene, okomisiwe, okudliwayo okuhlaza), kodwa futhi kulungiselelwe uhlobo ngalunye ngendlela yalo, okungcono ukuveza ukunambitheka.

Ngaphambi kokufika kwezibhamu, indlela eyinhloko yokuzingela ehlathini yizigibe. Zithatha izinyoni zehlathi ikakhulukazi (abahlobo abamnyama, izigqoko zokhuni) nezilwane ezincane, ikakhulukazi onogwaja. Inyama nezinkukhu zaziphekwa, ziphekwe futhi zibhakwa, kaningi kangako - okuthosiwe.

Imifino isetshenziselwa i-turnips ne-radishes, kusuka emifino enamakhaza - ekhula ezinkuni zhuruha, i-cow-bream, i-horseradish, anyanisi, intsha ukuyifihla. Abantu base-Western Finno-Ugric abazange badle amakhowe; Ngesikhathi esifanayo empumalanga babeyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla. Izinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zokusanhlamvu ezaziziwa kulaba bantu yibhali nekolweni (polba). Kulezi zihlahla, iphariji, i-jelly elishisayo, kanye nokugxilisa ama-sausages akwenziwe ekhaya.

I-repertoire yesimanje ye-culinary ye-Finno-Ugrians iqukethe izici ezimbalwa zezwe, njengoba yayithonywe kakhulu yiRussia, isiBashkir, isiTatar, isiChuvash nezinye izinto zokudlela. Kodwa-ke, cishe bonke abantu banesitsha esisodwa noma ezimbili zendabuko, izithethe noma ezokugcoba ezisekhona kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngokulingana, benza kube lula ukuveza umbono ojwayelekile wokupheka kwe-Finno-Ugric.

Abantu baseFinnno-Ugric: Inkolo

Abaningi baseFinnno-Ugrians bathi inkolo yobuKristu. AmaFinn, ama-Estoni nase-Western Saami angamaLuthela. Phakathi kwamaHungari, amaKatolika ayeningi, nakuba kukhona amaCalvin nabamaLuthela.

AbaseFinnno-Ugrians abahlala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia ikakhulukazi ama-Orthodox amaKristu. Kodwa-ke, ama-Udmurts noMari kwezinye izindawo bakwazi ukugcina inkolo yamandulo (animistic), kuyilapho amaSamoyed kanye nabakhileyo eSiberia bengama-shamanism.

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