Aldehydes nama-ketone. Izakhiwo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali e-carbonyl

Amakhemikhali e-Organic aqukethe isakhiwo se-carbonyl ye-carbonyl eqenjini elilandelayo:> C = O, - abizwa ngokuthi ama-oxo compounds futhi ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ezinkulu - i-aldehydes ne-ketone. Ngokwakhiwa kwama-hydrocarbon radicals, lezi zinto zihlukaniswa zibe yi-aliphatic, iphunga ne-alicyclic. Okwesibili nowesibili kubonakala ngokukhona emaqenjini eqembu le-carbonyl, eliboshwe ngqo kumngcele weBenene noma ohlangothini lwezinhlangothi. Ama-aldehydes nama-ketone anezibopho zamangqamuzana uchungechunge olunamakhaya oluneqembu elisebenzayo ohlangothini oluhlangothini lubhekwa njengamagugu we-aliphatic carbonyl compounds.

Ama-aldehyde enamakha ahlanganiswa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukwethulwa kweqembu le-carbonyl ekhaleni le-benzene phakathi nenqubo yokufaka indawo ye-electrophilic nokuguqulwa kwamalungu avela kakade esakhiweni. Ama-aldehydes nama-ketone phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-organic are the most active. Futhi ohlelweni lwamakhemikhali, abokuqala basebenze kakhulu kunokwedlule. I-aldéhydes, i-oxidation, ukufaka endaweni, ukupholisa, ukuhlanganisa nokunciphisa yizici eziningi. I-ketoni ayisekeli ukuphendula kwe-polymerization.

Ukulungiswa kwe-aldehydes yochungechunge elimnandi, ikakhulukazi i-benzaldehyde, nge-oxidation yamakhemikhali e-hydrocarbon ngenhlanganisela yomoya eyenziwa indlela yezimboni. Ukuphendula okunjalo kwenziwa ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali usebenzisa ama-oxide ezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, isibonelo, i-vanadium oxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-aldehyde enamakha, izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukulungiselela ama-aliphatic compounds zingasetshenziswa.

Ama-aldédedi anamakha ama-liquide angenayo i-liquid-insoluble nephunga elimangalisayo elimnandi lama-alimondi abuhlungu. Uma beba neqembu le-carbonyl elikude kakhulu nebhethini le-benzene, oshaka uba iphunga lawo. Ama-aldehydes anamakha, amakhemikhali awo afana nezici eziningi ezinhlobonhlobo ezifaniswayo zochungechunge lwe-aliphatic ngenxa yethonya elihlangene le-benzene ring neqembu le-carbonyl, elinamakhemikhali athile aqondene namakhemikhali. Isibonelo, zingasetshenziswa kalula nge-acids carboxylic, ezilandelwa ukunciphisa ama-alcohols nama hydrocarbon. I-aldédede enamandla, ehlanganiswa ngokugcwele nezinhlobo eziningi ze-solvents eziphilayo, iguqulwa ibe yi-propionic acid phambi kwe-catalysts ehambisanayo, ne-propanol ngesikhathi se-hydrogenation.

Izindlela eziningi zingasetshenziselwa ukwakha amathoni amathrekhi enhlobonhlobo. Isibonelo, inqubo ye-alkaline hydrolysis ye-dihalides yama-geminal, i-dehydrogenation, i-oxidation yamakhemikhali e-altare e-monatomic yesibili, kanye nezinye. Noma kunjalo, indlela eyinhloko yokuthola lezi zinto yi-acylation yamakhemikhali aphunga. Yonke i-aldehydes ne-ketone, eneziko elisebenza ngogesi, lihlangana ngokuqondile nama-reagents enkampanini ye-nucleophilic.

Amakhemikhali anamakha anjalo nalabo abathintekayo be-electron-donor futhi bafaka kalula ukuphendula kwe-acylation. I-Ketoni yalesi sakhiwo samangqamuzana yizinto ezinomsoco noma eziqinile ezinephunga elimnandi elimnandi, elingenasici emanzini, okuvumela ukuba lisetshenziswe kabanzi embonini yamakha.