Amabhange kahulumeni Russian njengoba yisiboniso umnotho wezwe uzinzile

uhlelo yasebhange waseRussia akuyona eyohlobo: iqukethe abadlali ezinkulu kanye nezincane, kanye nezikhungo lapho ezahlukene inkomba key - yisabelo isimo. Yiziphi imininingwane umsebenzi credit izikhungo lapho inani eyinhloko amafa iziphathimandla?

Kuyini ibhange likahulumeni?

Credit izikhungo ukuthi ziphethwe uhulumeni (okusekelwe ubulungu esigxotsheni ukulawula) uphinde uphathe bayizinkulungwane amabhange kahulumeni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko nezinhlangano ezifana - uboleka okukhulu kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa inqubomgomo kazwelonke nezinhlangano zezomnotho, kanye ahlobene utshalomali nokukhokhwa ukuthengiselana. Njengomthetho, amabhange state ukhiye inkonzo isiRashiya, osendaweni wemboni ebalulekile emnothweni ezithinta isikhundla wezwe international ibhizinisi enkundleni, futhi umsebenzi okunzima credit izikhungo nekomkhulu yangasese.

Uhulumeni, kokuba izikhungo zayo ezingokwezimali, imikhondo namanye amazwe futhi silawule izimboni zasekhaya ebaluleke kakhulu (efana nezolimo), has a inqubomgomo ezindaweni yezwe, uphatha ukutshalwa kwezimali emisebenzini ezweni. Kukhona ngaleyo ndlela eziningi nenqubo ecacile sokunquma amabhange - isimo. ERussia, izinhlangano ezinjalo nendima ebalulekile kwinqubomgomo zezimali zikazwelonke.

amabhange Central. Ubani ophethe Bank of Russia?

Emaphakathi yasebhange (Bank of Russia) - zenyathi isimo isikhungo credit. imisebenzi yayo - isiqondiso komnotho omkhulu emnothweni kazwelonke, ukulawula umsebenzi izikhungo zezimali kanye yangasese dolobha iqhaza izinqubo ngamazwe yemali, wokuqhuba ukuqalisa ukusebenza izinhlelo zentuthuko amasu wezwe. Central Bank ilawula amasu lwemali izinqolobane of the state. Isimo sezomthetho mayelana Nelungelo Central Bank of Russia, njengoba izazi zikholelwa kunalokho edidayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlokodolobha ogunyaziwe Central Bank yezwe eka- Federation.

Nokho, ejensi unesibopho kwezibopho isimo (kodwa hhayi okuphambene nalokho), esebenza izimali lalo. It kuvela ukuthi kusukela luvo yomthetho ku Central Bank of Russia kuzimele uhulumeni. Ayikalungi athi Bank of Russia - igunya kahulumeni. Uma banamathele kule umbono, isimo ikude kokuba inani eliphelele igunya ukusetshenziswa kwempahla ye-Central Bank ngesimo izinqolobane. Futhi uma, isibonelo, bengahlosile uhulumeni eveza, Central Bank has unelungelo lokukhalaza ezinkantolo ngamazwe.

CB: amafa phesheya

Ibhange emaphakathi liye okuthiwa amabhange Russian phesheya - zokuthenga ngesikweletu, ehola emisebenzini phesheya. Phakathi kwalabo - "Moscow Narodny Bank" (etholakala London), "Ost-West Handelsbank" (Frankfurt) "Eurobank" (Paris). amabhange Russian nge isimo iqhaza, ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi asethuthukile yeYurophu.

Indima yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali yalolu hlobo ukuthuthkisa indlela yokukhokha kanye credit zokukhokhelwa nge izinhlangano angaphandle. amabhange Russian phesheya bayakwazi ukuheha abatshalizimali izidingo isimo, ukuthi kuhle ukuba umnotho. Njengomthetho, inzuzo kwalezi zikhungo (kanye nobukhulu izinkokhelo kwesabelomali intela) kunakunoma ngamabhange.

amabhange state ngobukhulu kuleli

Sberbank Russia (Sberbank yeRussia) - kwekulu ngokuya amafa sesikweletu nge isimo iqhaza. Babalelwa ku-60% wamasheya we isikhungo sezezimali kungokwalabo iziphathimandla, 40% - kwegazi umphakathi. I-Russian State Bank yasungulwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaSoviet, kodwa lesi sibalo we share yangasese kwelifa - omunye eliphakeme emakethe.

Ngokwesibonelo, fa RAB ku 100% kunesithembiso Rosimushchestvo (owodwa wemizimba main kule nokwakheka amabhange amafa). Esinye isibonelo salokhu izinhlangano ezinkulu esimweni credit - VTB Bank. Federal Property Management Agency ungumnikazi kancane engaphezu kwengu-75% wamasheya lesikhungo. Shiya ingxenye enkulu elingelakwaJuda uhulumeni, futhi ekhona Gazprombank.

Isimo olukhethekile Vnesheconombank

Vnesheconombank (VEB) - isikhungo credit ukuthi usesikhundleni ethize ohlelweni yasebhange wezwe lakithi. Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi wenziwa ngaphandle kwelayisensi kanye lungekho ngaphansi kweso, ngenkathi ezinye Russian isimo amabhange kumele abhekane lezi zenzakalo. Vnesheconombank eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-90, futhi kusukela luvo yomthetho kuba evumelekile ngokomthetho womphakathi. Ekusebenteni, imisebenzi lesikhungo kukhona izikweletu eyamukelekayo. Okuhlukile ukubambisana Vnesheconombank zikahulumeni nezinye credit - Eximbank (asethuthukile ukuthi asekele nokuthengiswa). Uma lokhu kwenzeka, khona-ke ezandleni neziphathimandla kuyoba ithuluzi ukuhweba-ukwesekwa ngosizo iziqinisekiso esinqunyiwe. Nokho, ezinye umsindo, njengoba ezinye izazi zikholelwa, ngoba lo msebenzi bangaba VEB izikweletu ubudala.

Ochwepheshe: amabhange kahulumeni kufanele kube amazinga ehlukene

ochwepheshe yasebhange emakethe aveze ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yasebhange kumele babe iziqondiso ezicacile. Enye yalezi ochwepheshe ukubona uhlelo kwakuwukuthi phakathi credit izikhungo abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene. Ukuze amabhange ukuthi kumele ume phezu isikhundla phezulu, kuphakanyiswa ukuba baphathe Rosselkhozbank futhi RBR futhi iBhange Lomhlaba. imisebenzi yabo kungahlanganiswa ukuphepha zezimali kwenqubomgomo utshalomali yezwe, ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo.

On the "ezingeni lesibili" - Sberbank, VTB, VEB futhi Eximbank. Ikakhulukazi, imisebenzi Russian wezokuPhepha, izazi zikholelwa kufanele kugxile emhlabeni lapho umuntu enezinkinga ezihambisana ukonga imali, kanye ukuvimbela ukunwetshwa ukuhweba izingxenye. Russian embuso amabhange "ezingeni lesithathu" embonweni wezazi kufanele kube jikelele: .. Unikeza Ubufakazi, ukubamba iqhaza ekuqhubeni izinkokhelo, njll Okufakiwe kwalesi sigaba kwamabhange amabili okuqala, ngokuvumelana bezimali kumele kube izithiyo ukumelana.

Nekusebenta amabhange kahulumeni

Eminyakeni yamuva, kwenziwe ucwaningo ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni Russian uhlelo yasebhange. Komunye wayo Kwakubonakalisiwe ukusebenza kwamabhange, kuhlanganise isimo. Lolu cwaningo luphinde bahlola inhlangano kanye iqhaza angaphandle. Credit izikhungo, emsebenzini ochwepheshe imiphumela ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amahlanu: amabhange kahulumeni, ikhumbula uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha we Russian Federation, amabhange state ukuthi abanalo maqondana eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha we Russian Federation, amabhange ayimfihlo ehhovisi omkhulu eMoscow noma Petersburg, amabhange yangasese esifundeni, kanye ezingaphansi weemali angaphandle.

Kwatholakala ukuthi ephumelela kunazo - likhona iqembu ne uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha we-Russian Russian Federation amabhange kahulumeni. Uhlu ubeka nenqubo kufakwe cwaningo, ukuqinisekisile lokhu. ababebaxosha abaseduze esikalini esisuka ku-izinga lomsebenzi babe amabhange yangasese kusuka eMoscow. Nokho, ukuphumelela Russian uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha kwaba kancane iphezulu kwesilinganiso lweqembu lamabhange eziyishumi ngobukhulu ngokuya amafa (kodwa namanje ingaphezulu kuka ngoba okungenhla namaqembu ezinhlanu izikhungo).

ukuthembeka amabhange kahulumeni

bezimali abaningi (nabantu abavamile) bakholelwa ukuthi Russian amabhange kahulumeni zinokwethenjelwa kakhulu kunangomisiwe yangasese. Lokhu, empeleni ibhizinisi of credit izikhungo, ngobubanzi kuhambisana ngokoqobo. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi le nombolo has athole incazelo enengqondo. Okokuqala, amabhange kahulumeni ngezithukuthuku isipiliyoni zomlando okukhulu has amathuluzi ebanzi lokwandisa kwesifunda futhi uzuza iklayenti ngokuzethemba. Okwesibili, ngokuvumelana bezimali uhulumeni ngokuvamile sponsors amaphrojekthi ezingekho esijule kakhulu olimini izindleko-inzuzo ukuhlaziywa, okuyinto ngokuphelele nobuntu yangasese credit izikhungo. Okwesithathu, amabhange kahulumeni angaba namandla okuwunikela ukuqasha abantu abaku amaholo ezingeni leliphasi, okuyinto kwaba nokwanda jikelele ukusebenza izinhlangano wokuncintisana kuqhathaniswa amabhange yangasese.

Imibono amabhange kahulumeni

Phakathi ezinye zezimali emakethe ochwepheshe mqondo ethandwa ukuthi ingxenye yombuso ukuhileleka amabhange uzobe kancane kancane. Nokho, esikhundleni oluphethe amafa zezikhungo, iziphathimandla uzofuna ukusebenzisa abantu ngakwesokudla izilawuli. Kukhona okuphambene umbono wokuthi zokunciphisa ubunikazi isimo ohlelweni yasebhange akanayo imibono buphawuleka kakhulu: Endabeni imininingwane lomthetho. Ngokwe umbono wesibili, ushintsho luzoqala uma Eqinisweni, kubonise ukudluliselwa esisemthethweni lamasheya (noma exchange nemisebenzi) phakathi ejensi ahlukahlukene isimo. Phakathi kwezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ukuthi ichaze amathemba credit izikhungo nge isimo iqhaza - yisabelo Central Bank ngo ekuphathweni ngamabhange.

Kukhona umbono ngesidingo ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni inhloko-dolobha yeCentral Bank of izikhungo zezimali yangasese nesikhundla CB njengoba umnikazi kuphambene umsebenzi wakhe ukuze bengamele futhi umsebenzi isithakazelo umnotho lonke leli lizwe. Unyaka lapho izinga ezithile kungase kuncike wokuguqula amabhange isimo Russia - 2014, uhlu yezinguquko kungenzeka Cishe unyatheliswe emakhasini amaphepha Central Bank noma abezindaba ezikhethekile.