Amakoloni IsiZulu eNyakatho Melika. Amazwe - zamazwe ayengaphansi Great Britain

Kunezinganekwane eziningi ezahlukene kanye izindaba degree of ukuthembeka bamazwe abanesibindi, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus wavakashela eNyakatho Melika. Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-izindela Chinese, ngisho emhlabeni wangekhulu 5th esesifundazweni California, kanye iSpanishi, isiPutukezi, izithunywa zevangeli Irish izihambi, kusolakala ukuthi wavakashela ezwekazini ku 6th, 7th ngekhulu 9th. Area of eNyakatho neMelika million 24,7 izinyawo square. km. Lokhu nezwe elivundileyo ukuthi ngokwemvelo ayesifuna ngabomvu impango emazweni amaningi.

Idatha enokwethenjelwa kakhulu ezibikwa ezinqala Norwegian abavakashele ezwekazini ekhulwini 10-14. Kodwa yokukhokha Normans yawela labhidlika ekhulwini le-14, engashiyanga iminonjana ebonakalayo maqondana izibopho kwamasiko phakathi amazwekazi European futhi American. Ngalo mqondo, eNyakatho neMelika itholwe ngekhulu le-15. Ngaphambi kubelungu akwenza kwakuwukubonakaliswa British.

Lolu hambo lokuqala British

Ukutholakala Melika, i-British okuqaliswe hambo ka UJohn Cabot (ngenye igama lakhe Kuzwakala Giovanni Kabboto noma Gabotto) and Sebastian, indodana yakhe, ababe, empeleni, ngeke bomdabu British futhi amaNtaliyane enkonzweni England. Esamukele inkosi caravels ezimbili, Cabot eyayidingeka ukuze uthole umzila zasolwandle eziya China. Kungenzeka 1497, lapho lifika ngasogwini Labrador (lapho ngenhlanhla sihlangabezane Eskimo), futhi mhlawumbe Newfoundland, lapho zaneliswe zaveza nge red ocher amaNdiya.

aphethwe Ngakho umhlangano wokuqala ngekhulu le-15 eYurophu ne "Redskins" eNyakatho Melika. Ngo 1498 Cabot uhambo lifika ngasogwini ezwekazini futhi.

Umphumela wokuqala esisebenzayo yalesi kwaba ukutholakala yezindawo ezicebe kakhulu izinhlanzi Shoals ngasogwini Newfoundland sekushiwo. mabutho yonke emikhunjini yokudoba olusuka eNgilandi safinyelela lapha, isibalo sabo ezikhulayo minyaka yonke.

Ukuqala ikoloni

Kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni eNyakatho neMelika kwaqala ekhulwini le-17. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-British wayesevele nesincintisana ebusweni Spanish kanye isiFulentshi, naye wafuna ikoloni yaleli zwekazi. Uhulumeni waseBrithani babekholelwa ukuthi Canada kuyinto ezibonakalayo yemvelo British eMelika, njengoba ogwini Canadian wavulwa uhambo Cabot eside ngaphambi French. Imizamo ezibonakalayo base benziwa ngekhulu le-16, kodwa behluleka: igolide British ayizange wathola, ukuthunga, nezolimo dengwane. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 babe khona manje kuleli koloni isiNgisi kuqala. Kwakumelwe agriculturalists.

Ngakho, i-17 leminyaka th kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni ezwekazini.

Eyokuqala unomphela IsiZulu koloni eNyakatho Melika ekhulwini le-17

Uhlelo lwe-capitalism England athuthukile kakhulu sibonga impumelelo namanye amazwe, kanye kudalwa izinkampani monopolistic ekuhwebeni amakoloni. Ngenxa yale njongo, inkampani ezimbili ukuhweba, onezinto eside sezisunguliwe: London (Varginskaya noma South) kanye Plymouth (North). Ayehlelwe nge ukuthenga amasheya. England Royal efuze bathunyelwa lezi zinkampani umhlaba amanga phakathi 34 no-41 ° enyakatho nenkabazwe, kanye maphakathi nezwe angenamkhawulo. Britain sengathi le nsimu kwakungekaNkulunkulu uhulumeni walo, hhayi amaNdiya.

Virginia

Mnumzane Hemford Gilbert wathola sisekelo lokuqala egunyaza isisekelo amakoloni aseMelika. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale futhi uhlale, yena laqala uhambo ngokuhlola ukuze Newfoundland, kodwa iphahlazeka ziyabuya. Ngakho, amalungelo Gilbert waya Mnumzane Valteru Reyli, isihlobo sakhe, intandokazi i-Queen Elizabeth. Kanti yena 1584 wanquma ukusungula ikoloni kuya eningizimu Chesapeake Bay futhi behlonipha "indlovukazi ntombi" okuthiwa Virginia wakhe (kusukela virgo Latin -. Owesifazane). ibalazwe IsiZulu of America, esiyoluthola elinye libe ngelakho. Ngonyaka olandelayo waya nasi esinye iqembu bamakoloni esezinzile Isimo semvelo samanje North Carolina ku Roanoke Island. Ekupheleni konyaka babuyela emazweni akubo, ngoba indawo ekhethiwe kwenzakala abe yingozi empilweni. Phakathi kwalezi zifiki kwakunguJohane White, umculi owaziwa. Waletha eziningi imidwebo kusuka ekuphileni algoikinov - amaNdiya endawo. Isiphetho elinye iqembu, owafika ngo-1587 e Virginia, akwaziwa.

Virginia inkampani commercial ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, iphrojekthi sokudalwa wekoloni aphakanyisiwe Valterom Reyli. Kusukela le venture kulindeleke yemikhiqizo. Ngezindleko zayo inkampani eletha abantu aphoqelelwe ukuba zifezeke isibopho sakhe iminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu.

Beka i-elisungulwe 1607 Jamestown koloni wakhethwa, kodwa ukukhetha lwalungolukhulu ezimbi. Indawo kwaba okungenamsoco, nge eziningi omiyane, exhaphozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maduze eBritish zaba izitha wamaNdiya. Skirmishes nabo, futhi isifo kwezinyanga ezimbalwa baye kwabulala abantu abangaba izingxenye ezimbili bamakoloni.

Life lahlelwa nokuwumisa impi. Bamakoloni kabili ngosuku, futhi babuthana ngithunyelwa ukuyosebenza izinhlelo emkhakheni, njalo kusihlwa kwabuya kwasemini kanye umthandazo e Jamestown. Dzhon Rolf ezathatha 'princess "Pocahontas, indodakazi wendawo ngumholi wendzabuko povhatanov, umkakhe eqala ukukhuluphala zikagwayi 1613. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mkhiqizo isibe isikhathi eside umthombo obalulekile engenayo bamakoloni kanye Virginia Inkampani. Kugcine, ngokukhuthaza wezifiki, wabanika kwesabelo. I qeda besuka eNgilandi beya eMelika, izindleko umgwaqo futhi abampofu ukuthola isabelo okuyiwona ukhokhe izinkokhelo isilungisiwe.

NaseVirginia

Kamuva, ngo-1624, lapho Virginia (eNyakatho Melika) kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso koloni yasebukhosini, abaphathi bayo sekudlule ezandleni umbusi aqokwe yinkosi, le sevisi isibe inhlobo wentela yomhlaba. Ukwandiswa wezifiki okwengeziwe zabampofu. Ngakho, uma kwaba abakhileyo ayizinkulungwane 8, e 1700 yabo kwaba kakade ayizinkulungwane 70 e 1640 sabantu bakuleli koloni. Ngo Maryland, omunye amakoloni waseBrithani, eyasungulwa ngo-1634, ngokushesha ngemva kokumiswa Nkosi Baltimore wanika bamakoloni, osomabhizinisi enkulu futhi Abatshali phansi. Melika Modern uzigcinile amagama ibalazwe nabanye amakoloni isikhathi njengoba isimo.

Futhi Maryland, noVirginia ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni ugwayi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, encike kakhulu amazwe izimpahla British. Emasimini ezinkulu zalezi amakoloni kwakungamadodana main angisebenzi abantu abampofu, yaletha esuka eNgilandi. "Izinceku kwezigqila" njengoba amaphayona ayebizwa kanjalo, phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu le-17 yakhiwa kwenqwaba kwabokufika naseVirginia.

izifiki

Umsebenzi wabo Nokho, ngokushesha kakhulu, itsetfwe le labour senceku wabantu abamnyama kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-17 kufika emakoloni eningizimu IsiZulu eNyakatho Melika. I iqoqo lokuqala elikhulu nabo yazalwa ngo 1619 e Virginia.

Phakathi bamakoloni ngekhulu le-17 futhi babe abafuduki abakhululekile. ENyakatho Plymouth koloni waya "Umjikelezi Obaba" - IsiZulu amaPuritan ezinye zazo gade baleli ababaleka ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo eNgilandi. Ngo-November 1620, umkhumbi ne-Pilgrim lawela phezu lenhlonhlo Cape Coda. Isigamu babo bafa ngobusika bokuqala kusukela abantu, ikakhulukazi abantu basemadolobheni, wayengakwazi yokulima izwe, noma ukuzingela noma inhlanzi. Kuphela ngosizo amaNdiya, owafundisa Ukufika ummbila, lonke ekugcineni wasinda futhi wakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu ride. ihlelo Isungulwe wasePlymouth koloni ngokuthi New Plymouth.

Massachusetts

AmaPuritan ngubani e nokubusa Stuarts babe abacindezeli, ngo-1628 wasungula ikoloni yaseMassachusetts eNyakatho Melika. isonto samaPuritan kwadingeka namandla amakhulu kuleli koloni. Isakhamuzi sendawo kuphela wathola ilungelo lokuvota uma babesonta futhi kwadingeka umshumayeli izincomo ezinhle. Lilodwa nanhlanu labantu besilisa ngale ndlela babe nelungelo lokuvota.

Kamuva, ngesikhathi amaNgisi Revolution, amakoloni Brithani wawenabela kumephu. Kukhona ubunikazi entsha. Esikhathini amakoloni English eNyakatho neMelika zaqala ukufika "Madoda" - abathutha aristocrats ongazange afune ukuba sibekezelele omisiwe umbuso wamavukelambuso ezweni. Akha ikakhulukazi Virginia, amakoloni eningizimu.

Caroline

SobuNane esigodlweni seNkosi kaCharles II 1663 Uthole isipho ezweni elise eningizimu Virginia, futhi wasungula iyikoloni Carolina (kamuva ahlukaniselwe amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu). Virginia ugwayi ahlanganiswe abaninimhlaba isiko ukusakaza lapha. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo, ezifana Shenandoah Valley entshonalanga Maryland, kanye namaxhaphozi zaseNingizimu Carolina eningizimu Virginia, izimo akuzange kudingeke ukuba sikhule lokhu kwezitshalo. Lapha sibona ezifuywa irayisi, kanye eGeorgia.

Carolina ephethwe inkantolo ziyonenza izizumbulu zemali ezifanelekayo ukufuya irayisi, umoba, yefilakisi, Hemp, ukukhiqizwa usilika, indigo, okungukuthi, izimpahla iyivela eNgilandi amazwe kusuka kwamanye amazwe. Lapha e 1696 ingeniswe Madagascan irayisi ezihlukahlukene. kulinywe layo liye kusukela baba ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu bendawo iminyaka eyikhulu. Ilayisi itshalwe ogwini lolwandle kanye emaxhaphozini riverine. Ukusebenza kanzima engathwala izigqila Negro, ngubani zaba cishe isigamu sabantu e 1700. Ngo isimo samanje South Carolina, okungukuthi, engxenyeni eseningizimu wekoloni, namanje namandla kunomFilisti e Virginia, ubugqila aqine. Elikhulu slaveholders-Abatshali abekade Charleston, isikhungo samasiko kanye lesifunda ngaphonswa, izindlu ocebile. Izindlalifa lokuqala abanikazi bayo e 1719, wathengiswa amaNgisi umqhele amalungelo abo.

North Carolina, lapho ayehlala khona, ikakhulukazi zababaleki ababevela kuwo Virginia (lapho ebalekela izintela ngokweqile kanye nezikweletu, abalimi abancane) kanye amaQuaker, kwase uhlamvu ezahlukene. Babembalwa kakhulu izinceku omnyama emasimini enkulu. Ngo 1726, North Carolina baba ingakaze ibe ikoloni laseBrithani.

Kuzo zonke dominions labantu agcwaliswa ikakhulu kwabokufika waseScotland, eNgilandi nase-Ireland.

NY

Kakhulu ezimibalabala ngaphezulu kwaba labantu kwamanye amakoloni: New York (yangaphambili ifa Dutch New Netherlands) ukuze naseNew Amsterdam (manje i-New York City). Ngemva ke athumba British, waya uMbusi York, umfowabo Charles II, iNkosi yase-England. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho ezingaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane, ngubani izilimi 18 wakhuluma. Ithonya Dutch wayemkhulu, nakuba abomdabu lokuthanda leli lizwe azisona yiningi. Iminonjana ke kuyagcinwa kuze kube yilolu suku: ngolimi amaMelika langena izwi Dutch futhi isitayela yezakhiwo Netherlands zashiya izibazi ukubukeka samanje amadolobha American namadolobha ezakha yesimanje eNyakatho neMelika. Izithombe eNew York ngo-1851, bheka ngezansi.

Ukuphakama isikali ikoloni

ikoloni laseBrithani, i-Nyakatfo Melika wayezifunela udumo kakhulu. Leli zwekazi kwabonakala ezweni lesethembiso abampofu European. Kube babezothutha ukubaleka ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo, ukucindezela abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu kanye nezikweletu.

Abokufika isikhulu sezempi ukuba Melika amabhizinisi ezahlukene, ngisho wahlela ukuba kugasela yangempela. Agents solder abantu zokudlela. Kuthunyelwe odakiwe waqoqa ungene imikhumbi bayiswa amakoloni British eNyakatho Melika.

Salandelana ezibonakalayo British. Kuyanda kanye nabantu babo. Inguquko nezokulima eBrithani, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ezinkulu nokuswela kwesabelo abalimi yaxoshwa England eziningi zabantu abampofu ababefuna yindawo entsha e amakoloni.

Ezwekazini, e 1625 kwakunabamemezeli 1980 we bamakoloni kuphela, futhi 1641 - kakade ayizinkulungwane 50 abantu besuka eNgilandi, ingasaphathwa eyezinye izakhamizi. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka 50, inani labantu liye landa ayizinkulungwane 200. Ngo-1760 sasifana nokuthi izakhamuzi eziyizigidi 1,695, zazo 310 babe Negros izigqila. inani lezifiki eminyakeni emihlanu kuye kwanda ngamaphesenti acishe abe yisigamu.

Impi nge amaNdiya

Kwaphela isikhathi eside bamakoloni walwa amaNdiya impi elimazayo, thatha ususe izwe labo. Kweminyaka embalwa nje, bethabathela kominyaka imashumi 1706 kuya 1722, cishe kanye nazo zonke izizwe Virginia abangu kwalinciphisa, naphezu ngokuxhumanisa umholi wabo onamandla ne British "ahlobene" izibopho.

Ngo-New England, enyakatho, amaPuritan wasebenzisa izindlela: bathenga izwe kusukela amaNdiya nge "ukuthengiselana commercial". Kamuva, le emenza mlando baphikisa ngokuthi baseMelika akuzona okhokho amaNdiya ashaqe ezweni bese nenza ilungelo inkululeko yabo, kanye inkontileka nabo. Indikimba lobuhlalu, ngoba nedlanzana neziqhumane, nokunye. D. Ungakwazi "ukuthenga" ucezu olukhulu ezweni. Futhi amaNdiya, ongazange asazi ukuthi ukhona endaweni yangasese, ngokuvamile wayengazi okuqukethwe deal. Ukuqwashisa ngokunemba esemthethweni bamakoloni baxoshwa emazweni abanikazi wangaphambili, futhi uma bengavumi ukuhamba, ewaqeda. Ikakhulukazi ngesihluku kwakungamadodana abashisekeli benkolo eMassachusetts. Njengoba isonto wokushumayela, zishaya amaNdiya ke ukuthi iyiphi eyajabulisa uNkulunkulu. Kusukela ekufeni kwabaningi abantu bomdabu.

Pennsylvania

Okwehlukile le nqubomgomo ngonya kuqothulwe amaNdiya wasekhaya kwakungenele Pennsylvania, eyasungulwa ngo-1682 yi-abacebile amaQuaker uWilliam Penn, indodana i Umkhuzi isiNgisi, ukuze bashushisa labo abangane ekhaya ezweni labo. Lapha sizama ukulondoloza ubuhlobo nobungane bendawo. Nokho, lapho 1744-1748 futhi 1755-1763 yaba iminyaka yaze yaphela impi phakathi French kanye amakoloni waseBrithani, amaNdiya, abenze isivumelwano sokuqala, bethathwe ke futhi Basunduzelwé angaphezu Pennsylvania (i-Nyakatfo Melika). Photo yePittsburgh yesimanje, ise zamazwe ayengaphansi, bheka ngezansi.

Ukwenziwa kwamakoloni ngekhulu le-19

Ukwenziwa kwamakoloni eNyakatho Melika baqhubeka kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngekhulu lesithathu lokuqala izinguquko zalo abalulekile eyenzeke ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho nezenhlalo nempahla British eNyakatho Melika. Canada Modern kuhlanganisa e isibalo samalungu alo leli koloni wangaphambili British.

Ekhulwini le-19 e-Canada, ifa British of the gama elifanayo, liye langena ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi izifiki sebebonke amakoloni lidlule 1 million. Man. Ngesisekelo emnothweni baba yokusaha , ezolimo uhlobo ipulazi kanye shipbuilding. manufactory khona. Kodwa ngesisekelo ukukhiqizwa e amakoloni ezahlala izikebhe ezincane. Kungeniswe zibe amakoloni imikhiqizo British ayiminyanisa ukukhiqizwa lendawo. ngalokho onezinkinga kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. izikhulu Colonial, befisa nosomabhizinisi eyabiwe umhlaba senzelwe bendawo. Lezi kanye nezinye ukuphikisana kwaholela ekuvukeleni e Upper futhi Lower eCanada ngo 1837-1838, ngokulandelana. Bona bevinjelwa kanye nabaholi babo sebebulawa phambi kwabantu.

British igunya wamakoloni emva ukucindezelwa olwathatha unqume ukuqhubeka nokwenziwa French baseCanada, futhi 1841 ekhishwe komthetho Union ngawo Upper futhi Lower Canada, zamazwe ayengaphansi kweBrithani, neqembu elilodwa ngaphansi kwegama Canada. Lo mthetho kwaba isenzo sodlame abaphathi bamakoloni kobushiqela obunonya.

A ikoloni Great Britain ngekhulu le-19

IGreat Britain ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka nezimpahla enkulu kwamanye amazwe. Maphakathi nawo kwekhulu le-19 endaweni enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, okuqondene England babegqoka amakoloni ezilandelayo: Nova Scotia, Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, isiqhingi -Prince Edward, kanye British Columbia, etholakala ogwini koLwandle iPacific uyashiywa lonke ezibonakalayo ayizinkulungwane amakhilomitha.

Ezinyangeni ezingu-60, iBrithani yabeka inkambo yokuhlanganiswa kwamakoloni ayo. Ngo-1867, i-"Dominion Canada" yakhiwa, yahlanganisa amaKoloni asekuqaleni eBrithani ukuba abe munye. Kwakuhlanganisa izifundazwe ezikhuluma isiNgisi i-Ontario, i-New Brunswick, i-Nova Scotia, kanye ne-Quebec ekhuluma isiFulentshi. UMthethosisekelo waseCanada wamukelwa ngonyaka ofanayo.

Amazwe - ayengamaKoloni aseBrithani, ayebumbene ngaphansi kwefulegi elilodwa.