Yam Zapolskaya kuthula - dweba thula vumelwane phakathi Commonwealth nombuso Russian

Russia nase Poland ziye zalwa impi nomunye eminyaka. Omunye lokhu kungqubuzana ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile War Livonian, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho aseBaltic wabhekana izithakazelo ezifundazweni eziningana.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la neMpi Livonian

Ngo-1558, Russian Tsar Ivan le Kubi ayengenele Insimu Order Livonian. Wayefuna uwine izifundazwe Baltic endaweni banamuhla Estonia futhi Latvia. Sasihlala lapha phambi kwabezizwe, kwathi ngekhulu XIII, le Crusaders efika lapha amaKatolika. Zasungula Order Livonian, bakha Riga nezinye izinqaba eziningi.

I Crusaders walwa infidels ngalolo ukugunyazwa etholakele uPapa. Ukuze labo, ngokombono wabo, isimo sengqondo-Orthodox, naye uncome Golden zidlamlilo. Ngakho-ke, nge Knights Livonian alwa Alexander saseNevsky. Esikhathini esizayo, ingxabano isibe unomphela futhi kuphazamisekile kuphela ngokulandela kuthula.

Ngesikhathi ngiqala wabusa Grozny, Russia united azungeze eMoscow, yazikhulula ijoka Tatar, ngisho waqala ukwanda ngempumelelo kuya empumalanga (ukuthunjwa Kazan bese Astrakhan). U-Ivan IV wayekholelwa ukuthi buthaka -oda Livonian akakwazanga ukumelana sina.

Isikhathi sokuqala empini kuphumelele ngempela eRussia. Voivod yinkosi ethumba Dorpat, Narva nezinye emadolobheni amakhulu amaningana. Lokho konke kwashintsha lapho amandla engumakhelwane abangu shi ezingxabanweni. Kwaba Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (inyunyana zezombusazwe iPoland Lithuania), ne-Denmark (ngezinga elincane). Kusukela kuleso sikhathi Kubi wazithola usesimweni esinzima kakhulu ekhishwe inyumbazane.

Ukuncipha kwamanzi angaphansi emazweni yizilwi

Noma kunjalo, eminyakeni eside empi iphelezela yimpumelelo zesikhashana ngxabano Poland naseLithuania. Ngakho 1564 amabutho Russian yanqoba Polotsk (idolobha, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi Kubi kwadingeka amalungelo njengoba Rurik). Kodwa wabe eselandela ukunqotshwa Battle of Chashniki.

ukwehluleka Inqubomgomo Foreign ephelezelwa ukwesaba eRussia. Ngemva kokufa okuyimfihlakalo yakhe yokuqala ngomfazi Ivan Grozny waba nokusola maqondana ezintweni eziyizungezile. Ukusangana nokwesaba akhashelwa kwaholela kobushiqela. Nakuba e Moscow, lowo mdondoshiya Skillet esishisayo wahlukunyezwa umbusi, amabutho yanqotshwa ukunqotshwa emva.

Ekugcineni ngo-1577 wavalelwa emuva Polotsk, futhi abaseSweden ethumba Narva. Kuyinto kuphela sibonga ubuqhawe yokumelana abantu futhi wakwazi ukumisa kokungenela angaphandle. NabasePoland 1581-1582 GG. wangaphumelela ukugqashuka Pskov futhi Swedish zehlulekile ngaphansi namantongomane. Le mpi yaba neminyaka engu-24 ubudala kakade, futhi Ukuwohloka lizwe idinga kube nokuthula.

Ukubunjwa amathimba

Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi kuthula Yam Zapolskaya kanye nezingxoxo ziyabonakala ku Umlando ka Antonio Possevino. Kwakuyisikhathi ongumJesuit futhi ohlakaniphile abanolwazi. Iyiso izithakazelo of the Catholic Church ezingxoxweni phakathi Poland neRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumuntu uNobhala onekhono, futhi wakwazi adlulisele yonke imininingwane yalesi inqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izingxoxo zaqala Disemba 13, 1581. Futhi indawo wakhethwa indawo esebangeni elingamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka Zapolskoho Pit (kungakho igama). Wayesondelene kuze kube semngceleni wangaphambili eduze nomuzi Russian of Pskov, okuyinto namanje muva wavinjezelwa iNkosi Polish Stefan Batory. Yam Zapolskiy ukuthula senziwe eduze yamuva impi indawo.

Akekho mithi angazange izinkulumo. Ukusizakala kwabo amelwa osomaqhinga eziningi. Ngu nabasePoland naseLithuania efika Braslavsky umbusi UJanusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh futhi Prince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill noNobhala Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny futhi akazange ukuhlala phezu abasephalamende. Kwakumelwe Kashinskij Governor Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy umbusi ongumRoma Alferov begodu umabhalana Nikita Vereshchagin. Yam Zapolskaya kuthula kwaphethwa ngokuthi ayengumlamuleli waso eshiwo ngenhla ongumJesuit Antonio Possevino.

Concessions e Livonia

Izingxoxo baqhubeka isikhathi esingangenyanga. Ekugcineni, ngo-January 15, 1582 sasayinwa Yam Zapolskaya kuthula. izimo wakhe zazilukhuni kubo Russia, kodwa nekuhambisana leli qiniso edabukisayo.

U-Ivan IV wenqaba yonke imizi wanqoba e Livonia. Wawunodonga inqwaba izinqaba ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Nazi nje uhlu encane izibonelo: benanela Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, akhokhelwayo, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, njll Iningi la magama abe historicism ... Manje lezi amadolobha ithole amagama indawo ngezilimi kazwelonke - Latvian futhi isi-Estonia. Ingxenye esele Livonia ngaleso sikhathi kwakuhlezi Sweden (inkontileka yakhe sasayinwa ngemva konyaka).

Okunye imigomo yenkontileka

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Yam Zapolskaya kuthula sinika isiphetho yedolobha, okuyinto ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene abanjwe Ivanom Groznym e Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kwakumelwe Velizh futhi Polotsk. inkosi Russian wenqaba kubo (nakuba lokhu kuphela njengento yokugcina, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi base zanqotshwa abase Stefan Batory).

inkosi Polish zivumile ukubuyela emizini, okuyinto wathumba eRussia. Kwakuwusuku Omkhulu Luka Hill, Nevel futhi Zavolochye. Yam Zapolskiy emhlabeni enesihloko esikhuluma ngalo enanela emuva Pskov endaweni, matasa ngesikhathi livinjezelwe zokugcina.

Land ukuthi ubanjiwe Livonia Sweden ngesikhathi ngemvume idokhumenti, athola leli phephandaba. Noma kunjalo, nabasePoland wenza isitatimende ukuze nabo abathi kulezi zindawo. Ngakho ukusilela kwaphethwa ngokuthi Yam Zapolskaya kuthula. Usuku ukusayina yayo likhishwa ekuqaleni idokhumenti.

Isiphetho kuthula

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wonke umuntu baqonda ukuthi lesi kuphela impumuzo, futhi lobu butha bunqamuka isikhashana. Yam Zapolskaya kuthula kanye Poland iye ibalwa isikhathi iminyaka engu-10. Ngokuzayo ke kungenziwa enwetshiwe. Umlando uye wabonisa ukuthi isivumelwano wahlala yamanje kuze kufike lapho Isikhathi Nezinkinga eRussia. Ngemva kokufa Ivan Grozny, indodana yakhe uTheodore zonke lwamadoda alandela yabo, lo mbuso Rurik azifinyezwanga. Kusukela of ukungqubuzana amaqembu boyars abathi igunya.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth weza nomkhohlisi owayezibiza owasinda Tsarevich Dmitry - indodana Ivana Groznogo, owafa ingane Uglich e 1591. Ukuzidela okuthiwa Grigoriem Otrepevym. Wayengumuntu indela nombaleki. Yena sasekelwa inkosi yasePoland, ubani wabe ihlasela iRussia, okuyinto i- Yam Zapolskaya kuthula. Unyaka lapho ovinjezelwe Smolensk, futhi ngaleso sikhathi owawudliwe kafushane eMoscow. Ekugcineni, i-kazwelonke abezempi Russian waxosha nabasePoland, kanye boyars abakhethiwe yinkosi Mikhail Romanov, owaba umsunguli lwamakhosi entsha wasebukhosini ayebusa iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu.