Amalahle: isizinda eRussia nasemhlabeni. Izindawo nezinqubo zokumbiwa kwamalahle

Imbonini yezimayini yamalahle yiyona ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke embonini yamafutha. Kulo lonke izwe, lidlula noma yiliphi elinye ngokwezibalo zabasebenzi kanye nenani lemishini.

Iyini imboni yamalahle?

Imbonini yezimayini zamalahle igcizelela ukukhipha kwamalahle nokucubungula okulandelayo. Umsebenzi uwenziwa kokubili nangaphansi komhlaba.

Uma idiphozi ingaphansi kwamamitha angaphezu kwamamitha angama-100, umsebenzi wenziwa ngendlela yokusebenza. Ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu ekujuleni okukhulu, kusetshenziswa imayini.

Izindlela zakudala zokumbiwa kwamalahle

Ukusebenza emigodini yamalahle namazwe yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokumba izimayini. Iningi lomsebenzi eRussia nasezweni lenziwa ngendlela evulekile. Lokhu kubangelwa izinzuzo zezimali kanye namazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza.

Inqubo kanje:

• Ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile, ingqimba engenhla yomhlaba elimboza idiphozi isusiwe. Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ukujula kwemisebenzi evulekile kwakukhawulelwe kumamitha angu-30, ubuchwepheshe bamuva buvunyelwe ukwandisa izikhathi ezintathu. Uma ungqimba oluphezulu lunothile futhi luncane, lususwa kusetshenziswa isikhala. Ubunqamu obukhulu futhi obukhulu bomhlaba buyandulela.
• Ama-deposit amalahle alahliwe futhi asuswe ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile ebhizinisini ukuze kuqhutshwe phambili.
• Abasebenzi babuyisela ukukhululeka kwemvelo ukuze bagweme ukulimaza imvelo.

Ukwehluleka kwalendlela kubangelwa ukuthi amalahle elahlekile, aphansi kakhulu, aqukethe ukungcola komdaka kanye namanye amadwala.

Amalahle atholakala ngendlela engaphansi komhlaba abhekwa njengento ehlanzekile futhi ehambisana nekhwalithi.

Inhloso eyinhloko yale ndlela ukuthutha amalahle kusuka ekujuleni okukhulu kuya phezulu. Ngalokhu, amaphasethi adalwe: i-adit (enezingqimba) ne-shaft (echazwe noma eqondile).

Emathanjeni, izimayini zamalahle zihlukaniswe ngokuhlanganiswa okhethekile futhi zilayishwe ku-conveyor, ziphakanyiswe phezulu.

Indlela engaphansi komhlaba ivumela ukukhipha inqwaba yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kunezimo ezibucayi ezibalulekile: izindleko eziphakeme nezingozi ezinyuka kwabasebenzi.

Izindlela ezingezona zendabuko zemayini yamalahle

Lezi zindlela zisebenza kahle, kodwa azikho ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu - okwamanje azikho ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukuhlehlisa uhlelo:

• Hydraulic. Isizinda senziwa emayini ekujuleni okukhulu. Uhlaka lwamalahle lugoqa futhi lunikezwe phezulu ngaphansi kwekhanda elinamandla lamanzi.
• Amandla kagesi ocindezelweyo. Isebenza njengomonakalo, futhi iphakamisa amandla, umoya ocindezelekile ungaphansi kwengcindezi eqinile.
• Vibroimpulse. Izendlalelo zibhujiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lokuqothula okunamandla okwakhiwa yimishini.

Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswe ngisho naseSoviet Union, kodwa azizange zithandwe ngenxa yesidingo sokutshala izimali ezinkulu. Izinkampani ezimbalwa zamalahle kuphela ziqhubeka zisebenzisa izindlela ezingezona zendabuko.

Inzuzo yabo enkulu ukungabikho kwezisebenzi ezindaweni ezingase zibe yingozi.

Amazwe ahamba phambili

Ngokusho kwedatha yemininingwane yezwe lomhlaba, ukulinganisa kwamanye amazwe aphethe izikhundla ezihamba phambili ezimayini yamalahle emhlabeni kwenziwa:

1. I-PRC.
2. E-USA.
3. I-India.
4. E-Australia.
5. Indonesia.
6. I-Russia.
7. ENingizimu Afrika.
8. EJalimane.
9. I-Poland.
10. Kazakhstan.

Iminyaka eminingi, i-China ibilokhu ihola ngokukhiqiza kwamalahle. E-China, kuphela i-1/7 yama-deposit ekhona, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amalahle ayithunyelwa ngaphandle kwezwe, kanti izimpahla ezikhona zizohlala okungenani iminyaka engu-70.

E-United States, amasimu ahlakazekile ngokulinganayo kulo lonke izwe. Ngama-stocks, bazohlinzeka leli zwe ngeminyaka engaphansi kuka-300.

Amalahle aselahle eNdiya acebile kakhulu, kodwa cishe yonke ivolumu ekhishwe isetshenziselwa imboni yamandla, ngoba izinqolobane ezikhona zinezinga eliphansi kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iNdiya inesinye sezikhundla ezihamba phambili, kuleli zwe izindlela zokusebenza ezimayini zokushisa amalahle ziyaqhubeka.

Izindawo zokugcina amalahle e-Australia zizohlala iminyaka engaba ngu-240. Ilahle elikhishiwe linokuhlolwa okuphezulu kwekhwalithi, ingxenye ebalulekile yalo ihloselwe ukuthekelisa.

E-Indonesia, izinga lokukhiqizwa kwamalahle likhula njalo ngonyaka. Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, iningi elikhishwe lihanjiswe kwamanye amazwe, manje izwe liyanqaba kancane kancane ukusebenzisa amafutha, ngakho-ke ukufunwa kwamalahle okusetshenziswa ekhaya kuyanda.

I-Russia ine-third of the reserves yamalahle emhlabeni wonke, kodwa akuwona wonke umhlaba wezwe obikiwe.

INingizimu Afrika inamathuba amaningi okukhuphuka ekulinganisweni - eminyakeni engu-30 edlule izinga lokumba izimayini kuleli lizwe likhulile izikhathi ezine.

IJalimane, iPoland neKazakhstan kancane kancane kuncishisa ukuvotshwa kwamakha amalahle ngenxa yezindleko ezingezona ukuncintisana kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Iningi lamalahle lihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwekhaya.

Izindawo eziyinhloko zemayini yamalahle eRussia

Ake siyiqonde. Ukukhipha amalahle eRussia kwenziwa ngendlela evulekile. Ama-deposit ezweni lonke ahlakazekile ngokungenalutho - iningi lawo lisendaweni esempumalanga.

Imali ephawulekayo yamalahle aseRussia yilezi:

• Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). Kucatshangwa ukuthi yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia kuphela, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke, itholakala eNtshonalanga Siberia. Kunezimayini zokupheka namalahle.
• Kansko-Achinskoye. Lapha, amalahle abomvu agodliwe. Idiphozi itholakala eduze kweTrans-Siberian Railway, ephethe ingxenye yezindawo zase-Irkutsk naseKemerovo, eKrasnoyarsk Territory.
• Umfula wase-Tunguska wamalahle. Imelelwe izinhlobo ezinsundu zamatshe zamalahle. Ihlanganisa ingxenye yensimu yaseRiphabhlikhi yaseSakha, esifundeni sase-Irkutsk naseTrasoyarsk Territory.
• I-Pechora ibhasi yamalahle. Le nsimu ikhiqiza amalahle okupheka. Imisebenzi iqhutshwa ezimayini, evumela ukukhiqiza amalahle aphezulu. Itholakala ensimini ye-Komi Republic kanye nesifunda se-Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.
• I-Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky amalahle. Itholakala ensimini kaVerkhny Sayan. Inikeza amalahle kuphela amabhizinisi aseduze nemiphakathi.

Kuze kube manje, ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye ama-deposits amahlanu, angakwazi ukwandisa umthamo wonyaka wamalahle wamalahle eRussia ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-70.

Amathemba embonini yezimayini zamalahle

Izwe seliye lahlola kakade ama-deposit yamalahle, kusukela ekubukeni kwezomnotho, okuthembisayo kakhulu kunamanye amazwe angu-70. Izinga lemayini yamalahle likhula ngokushesha: ubuchwepheshe buyathuthukiswa, imishini yenziwa yamuva. Ngenxa yalokhu, inzuzo yomkhakha iphakama.